11 Has az bilinýän peýdaly Linux buýruklary
Linux buýruk setiri Linux Enthusiastic-iň köpüsini özüne çekýär. Adaty Linux ulanyjysy, gündelik işini ýerine ýetirmek üçin, adatça, 50-60 buýrukdan ybarat söz düzümine eýe. Linux buýruklary we olaryň wyklýuçatelleri Linux ulanyjy, Shell-script programmisti we Administrator üçin iň gymmatly hazyna bolup galýar. Käbir Linux buýruklary bar, olar has az bilinýär, ýöne täze ýa-da ösen ulanyjydygyňyza garamazdan gaty peýdaly we amatly.
Bu makala, iş stoluňyzy/serweriňizi has netijeli işlemäge kömek etjek, has az bilinýän Linux buýruklaryna ünsi çekmegi maksat edinýär.
1. sudo !! buýruk
Sudo buýrugyny görkezmän buýrugy işletmek, ret edilen ýalňyşlyga rugsat berer. Şeýlelik bilen, buýrugy täzeden ýazmagyň zerurlygy ýok, iň soňky buýrugy “!!” goýuň.
$ apt-get update E: Could not open lock file /var/lib/apt/lists/lock - open (13: Permission denied) E: Unable to lock directory /var/lib/apt/lists/ E: Could not open lock file /var/lib/dpkg/lock - open (13: Permission denied) E: Unable to lock the administration directory (/var/lib/dpkg/), are you root?
$ sudo !! sudo apt-get update [sudo] password for server: … .. Fetched 474 kB in 16s (28.0 kB/s) Reading package lists... Done [email :~$
2. piton buýrugy
Aşakdaky buýruk, katalog gurluşy agajy üçin HTTP-den ýönekeý web sahypasyny döredýär we arakesme signaly iberilýänçä brauzerdäki 8000 porta girip bolýar.
# python -m SimpleHTTPServer
3. mtr buýrugy
Köpümiz ping we traceroute bilen tanyş. Iki buýrugyň işleýşini mtr buýrugy bilen birleşdirmek nähili bolar? Mtr enjamyňyza gurulmadyk bolsa, gerekli bukjany apt ýa-da ýumuň.
$ sudo apt-get install mtr (On Debian based Systems)
# yum install mtr (On Red Hat based Systems)
Indi mtr işleýän we google.com-yň arasyndaky set baglanyşygyny derňemek üçin mtr buýrugyny işlediň.
# mtr google.com
4. Ctrl + x + e buýruk
Bu buýruk administrator we işläp düzüjiler üçin gaty peýdaly. Gündelik işi awtomatlaşdyrmak üçin administrator vi, vim, nano we ş.m. ýazyp redaktory açmaly. Derrew redaktory işden aýyrmak barada (terminaldan).
Terminaldan “Ctrl-x-e” basyň we redaktorda işe başlaň.
5. nl Buýruk
“Nl buýrugy” faýlyň setirlerini sanlaýar. Faýlyň setirlerine “one.txt” diýiň (Fedora, Debian, Arch, Slack and Suse). Ilki bilen pişik buýrugyny ulanyp “one.txt” faýlyň mazmunyny sanaň.
# cat one.txt fedora debian arch slack suse
Indi sanly görnüşde sanamak üçin “nl buýrugy” işlediň.
# nl one.txt 1 fedora 2 debian 3 arch 4 slack 5 suse
6. şuf buýrugy
“Şuf” buýrugy faýl/bukjadan setirleri/faýllary/bukjany tötänleýin saýlaýar. Ilki bilen ls buýrugyny ulanyp bukjanyň mazmunyny sanaň.
# ls Desktop Documents Downloads Music Pictures Public Templates Videos
# ls | shuf (shuffle Input) Music Documents Templates Pictures Public Desktop Downloads Videos
# ls | shuf -n1 (pick on random selection) Public
# ls | shuf -n1 Videos
# ls | shuf -n1 Templates
# ls | shuf -n1 Downloads
Bellik: Iki sany tötänleýin saýlamany ýa-da n3, n4 ulanyp başga bir sany tötänleýin saýlamany saýlamak üçin elmydama “n1” -ni “n2” bilen çalşyp bilersiňiz.…
7. ss buýrugy
“Ss” rozetka statistikasyny aňladýar. Buýruk rozetkany derňeýär we netstat buýrugyna meňzeş maglumatlary görkezýär. Beýleki gurallara garanyňda has köp TCP we döwlet maglumatlaryny görkezip biler.
# ss State Recv-Q Send-Q Local Address:Port Peer Address:Port ESTAB 0 0 192.168.1.198:41250 *.*.*.*:http CLOSE-WAIT 1 0 127.0.0.1:8000 127.0.0.1:41393 ESTAB 0 0 192.168.1.198:36239 *.*.*.*:http ESTAB 310 0 127.0.0.1:8000 127.0.0.1:41384 ESTAB 0 0 192.168.1.198:41002 *.*.*.*:http ESTAB 0 0 127.0.0.1:41384 127.0.0.1:8000
8. iň soňky buýruk
“Iň soňky” buýruk, soňky giren ulanyjylaryň taryhyny görkezýär. Bu buýruk “/ var/log/wtmp” faýlyndan gözleýär we tty-lary bilen birlikde sessiýa we çykan ulanyjylaryň sanawyny görkezýär.
# last server pts/0 :0 Tue Oct 22 12:03 still logged in server tty8 :0 Tue Oct 22 12:02 still logged in … ... (unknown tty8 :0 Tue Oct 22 12:02 - 12:02 (00:00) server pts/0 :0 Tue Oct 22 10:33 - 12:02 (01:29) server tty7 :0 Tue Oct 22 10:05 - 12:02 (01:56) (unknown tty7 :0 Tue Oct 22 10:04 - 10:05 (00:00) reboot system boot 3.2.0-4-686-pae Tue Oct 22 10:04 - 12:44 (02:39) wtmp begins Fri Oct 4 14:43:17 2007
9. ifconfig.me
Onda daşarky IP adresiňizi nädip almaly? Google ulanýarsyňyzmy? Buýruk, daşarky IP adresiňizi terminalyňyza çykarýar.
# curl ifconfig.me
Bellik: Sizde egri paket gurulmadyk bolmagy mümkin, bukjany gurmak üçin apt/yum bolmaly.
10. agaç buýrugy
Häzirki katalog gurluşyny format ýaly agaçda alyň.
# tree
. |-- Desktop |-- Documents | `-- 37.odt |-- Downloads | |-- attachments.zip | |-- ttf-indic-fonts_0.5.11_all.deb | |-- ttf-indic-fonts_1.1_all.deb | `-- wheezy-nv-install.sh |-- Music |-- Pictures | |-- Screenshot from 2013-10-22 12:03:49.png | `-- Screenshot from 2013-10-22 12:12:38.png |-- Public |-- Templates `-- Videos 10 directories, 23 files
11. pstree
Bu buýruklar, häzirki çaga amallary bilen bilelikde, agaç buýruk çykyşyna meňzeş formatda agaçda işleýän ähli amallary görkezýär.
# pstree
init─┬─NetworkManager───{NetworkManager}
├─accounts-daemon───{accounts-daemon}
├─acpi_fakekeyd
├─acpid
├─apache2───10*[apache2]
├─at-spi-bus-laun───2*[{at-spi-bus-laun}]
├─atd
├─avahi-daemon───avahi-daemon
├─bluetoothd
├─colord───{colord}
├─colord-sane───2*[{colord-sane}]
├─console-kit-dae───64*[{console-kit-dae}]
├─cron
├─cupsd
├─2*[dbus-daemon]
├─dbus-launch
├─dconf-service───2*[{dconf-service}]
├─dovecot─┬─anvil
│ ├─config
│ └─log
├─exim4
├─gconfd-2
├─gdm3─┬─gdm-simple-slav─┬─Xorg
│ │ ├─gdm-session-wor─┬─x-session-manag─┬─evolution-a+
│ │ │ │ ├─gdu-notific+
│ │ │ │ ├─gnome-scree+
│ │ │ │ ├─gnome-setti+
│ │ │ │ ├─gnome-shell+++
│ │ │ │ ├─nm-applet──+++
│ │ │ │ ├─ssh-agent
│ │ │ │ ├─tracker-min+
│ │ │ │ ├─tracker-sto+
│ │ │ │ └─3*[{x-sessi+
│ │ │ └─2*[{gdm-session-wor}]
│ │ └─{gdm-simple-slav}
│ └─{gdm3}
├─6*[getty]
├─gnome-keyring-d───9*[{gnome-keyring-d}]
├─gnome-shell-cal───2*[{gnome-shell-cal}]
├─goa-daemon───{goa-daemon}
├─gsd-printer───{gsd-printer}
├─gvfs-afc-volume───{gvfs-afc-volume}Bularyň hemmesi häzirlikçe. Indiki makalamda gyzykly boljak käbir az tanalýan Linux buýruklaryny açaryn. Soňra “Tecmint” -e birikdiriň. Bizi halaň we paýlaşyň we ýaýramaga kömek ediň.
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