Linux hünärmenleri üçin 20 ösen buýruk
Bu makalanyň birinji iki bölüminde bize beren ähli halaýanlaryňyz, gowy sözleriňiz we goldawyňyz üçin sag boluň. Birinji makalada ýaňy Linux-a geçen we başlamak üçin zerur bilimlere mätäç bolan ulanyjylar üçin buýruklary ara alyp maslahatlaşdyk.
- Linux Newbies üçin 20 peýdaly buýruk
Ikinji makalada orta derejeli ulanyjynyň öz ulgamyny dolandyrmagy talap edýän buýruklary ara alyp maslahatlaşdyk.
- Orta derejeli Linux ulanyjylary üçin 20 ösen buýruk
Indiki näme? Bu makalada Linux Serwerini dolandyrmak üçin zerur bolan buýruklary düşündirerin.
41. Buýruk: ifconfig
ifconfig ýadro rezident ulgam interfeýslerini düzmek üçin ulanylýar. Zerur bolanda interfeýsleri gurmak üçin ýük wagty ulanylýar. Ondan soň, adatça diňe düzediş girizilende ýa-da ulgam sazlamak zerur bolanda zerur bolýar.
[[email ~]$ ifconfig
eth0 Link encap:Ethernet HWaddr 40:2C:F4:EA:CF:0E
inet addr:192.168.1.3 Bcast:192.168.1.255 Mask:255.255.255.0
inet6 addr: fe80::422c:f4ff:feea:cf0e/64 Scope:Link
UP BROADCAST RUNNING MULTICAST MTU:1500 Metric:1
RX packets:163843 errors:0 dropped:0 overruns:0 frame:0
TX packets:124990 errors:0 dropped:0 overruns:0 carrier:0
collisions:0 txqueuelen:1000
RX bytes:154389832 (147.2 MiB) TX bytes:65085817 (62.0 MiB)
Interrupt:20 Memory:f7100000-f7120000
lo Link encap:Local Loopback
inet addr:127.0.0.1 Mask:255.0.0.0
inet6 addr: ::1/128 Scope:Host
UP LOOPBACK RUNNING MTU:16436 Metric:1
RX packets:78 errors:0 dropped:0 overruns:0 frame:0
TX packets:78 errors:0 dropped:0 overruns:0 carrier:0
collisions:0 txqueuelen:0
RX bytes:4186 (4.0 KiB) TX bytes:4186 (4.0 KiB)“-A” argumentini ulanyp, ýapyk interfeýsleri goşmak bilen ähli interfeýsleriň jikme-jikliklerini görkeziň.
[[email ~]$ ifconfig -a
eth0 Link encap:Ethernet HWaddr 40:2C:F4:EA:CF:0E
inet addr:192.168.1.3 Bcast:192.168.1.255 Mask:255.255.255.0
inet6 addr: fe80::422c:f4ff:feea:cf0e/64 Scope:Link
UP BROADCAST RUNNING MULTICAST MTU:1500 Metric:1
RX packets:163843 errors:0 dropped:0 overruns:0 frame:0
TX packets:124990 errors:0 dropped:0 overruns:0 carrier:0
collisions:0 txqueuelen:1000
RX bytes:154389832 (147.2 MiB) TX bytes:65085817 (62.0 MiB)
Interrupt:20 Memory:f7100000-f7120000
lo Link encap:Local Loopback
inet addr:127.0.0.1 Mask:255.0.0.0
inet6 addr: ::1/128 Scope:Host
UP LOOPBACK RUNNING MTU:16436 Metric:1
RX packets:78 errors:0 dropped:0 overruns:0 frame:0
TX packets:78 errors:0 dropped:0 overruns:0 carrier:0
collisions:0 txqueuelen:0
RX bytes:4186 (4.0 KiB) TX bytes:4186 (4.0 KiB)
virbr0 Link encap:Ethernet HWaddr 0e:30:a3:3a:bf:03
inet addr:192.168.122.1 Bcast:192.168.122.255 Mask:255.255.255.0
UP BROADCAST MULTICAST MTU:1500 Metric:1
RX packets:0 errors:0 dropped:0 overruns:0 frame:0
TX packets:0 errors:0 dropped:0 overruns:0 carrier:0
collisions:0 txqueuelen:0
RX bytes:0 (0.0 B) TX bytes:0 (0.0 B)[[email ~]$ ifconfig eth0 down
[[email ~]$ ifconfig eth0 up
“192.168.1.12” interfeýs et0 üçin IP adresi hökmünde belläň.
[[email ~]$ ifconfig eth0 192.168.1.12
[[email ~]$ ifconfig eth0 netmask 255.255.255.
[[email ~]$ ifconfig eth0 broadcast 192.168.1.255
[[email ~]$ ifconfig eth0 192.168.1.12 netmask 255.255.255.0 broadcast 192.168.1.255
Bellik: Simsiz tor ulanýan bolsaňyz, iwconfig buýrugyny ulanmaly. Has “ifconfig” buýruk mysallary we ulanylyşy üçin 15 Peýdaly\ifconfig buýruklaryny okaň.
42. Buýruk: netstat
netstat buýrugy, tor birikmeleri, marşrut tablisalary, interfeýs statistikasy, maskarad birikmeleri, köp sanly agzalyk we ş.m. ýaly dürli ulgam bilen baglanyşykly maglumatlary görkezýär.,
[[email ~]$ netstat -a Active UNIX domain sockets (servers and established) Proto RefCnt Flags Type State I-Node Path unix 2 [ ACC ] STREAM LISTENING 741379 /run/user/user1/keyring-I5cn1c/gpg unix 2 [ ACC ] STREAM LISTENING 8965 /var/run/acpid.socket unix 2 [ ACC ] STREAM LISTENING 18584 /tmp/.X11-unix/X0 unix 2 [ ACC ] STREAM LISTENING 741385 /run/user/user1/keyring-I5cn1c/ssh unix 2 [ ACC ] STREAM LISTENING 741387 /run/user/user1/keyring-I5cn1c/pkcs11 unix 2 [ ACC ] STREAM LISTENING 20242 @/tmp/dbus-ghtTjuPN46 unix 2 [ ACC ] STREAM LISTENING 13332 /var/run/samba/winbindd_privileged/pipe unix 2 [ ACC ] STREAM LISTENING 13331 /tmp/.winbindd/pipe unix 2 [ ACC ] STREAM LISTENING 11030 /var/run/mysqld/mysqld.sock unix 2 [ ACC ] STREAM LISTENING 19308 /tmp/ssh-qnZadSgJAbqd/agent.3221 unix 2 [ ACC ] STREAM LISTENING 436781 /tmp/HotShots unix 2 [ ACC ] STREAM LISTENING 46110 /run/user/ravisaive/pulse/native unix 2 [ ACC ] STREAM LISTENING 19310 /tmp/gpg-zfE9YT/S.gpg-agent ....
[[email ~]$ netstat -at Active Internet connections (servers and established) Proto Recv-Q Send-Q Local Address Foreign Address State tcp 0 0 localhost:mysql *:* LISTEN tcp 0 0 *:5901 *:* LISTEN tcp 0 0 *:5902 *:* LISTEN tcp 0 0 *:x11-1 *:* LISTEN tcp 0 0 *:x11-2 *:* LISTEN tcp 0 0 *:5938 *:* LISTEN tcp 0 0 localhost:5940 *:* LISTEN tcp 0 0 ravisaive-OptiPl:domain *:* LISTEN tcp 0 0 ravisaive-OptiPl:domain *:* LISTEN tcp 0 0 localhost:ipp *:* LISTEN tcp 0 0 ravisaive-OptiPle:48270 ec2-23-21-236-70.c:http ESTABLISHED tcp 0 0 ravisaive-OptiPle:48272 ec2-23-21-236-70.c:http TIME_WAIT tcp 0 0 ravisaive-OptiPle:48421 bom03s01-in-f22.1:https ESTABLISHED tcp 0 0 ravisaive-OptiPle:48269 ec2-23-21-236-70.c:http ESTABLISHED tcp 0 0 ravisaive-OptiPle:39084 channel-ecmp-06-f:https ESTABLISHED ...
[[email ~]$ netstat -s
Ip:
4994239 total packets received
0 forwarded
0 incoming packets discarded
4165741 incoming packets delivered
3248924 requests sent out
8 outgoing packets dropped
Icmp:
29460 ICMP messages received
566 input ICMP message failed.
ICMP input histogram:
destination unreachable: 98
redirects: 29362
2918 ICMP messages sent
0 ICMP messages failed
ICMP output histogram:
destination unreachable: 2918
IcmpMsg:
InType3: 98
InType5: 29362
OutType3: 2918
Tcp:
94533 active connections openings
23 passive connection openings
5870 failed connection attempts
7194 connection resets received
....Bolýar! Näme üçindir, netstatyň çykyşy hökmünde host, port we ulanyjy adyny çözmek islemeýän bolsaňyz.
[[email ~]$ netstat -an
Gowy, arakesme görkezmesi geçýänçä (ctrl+c) netstatyň çykyşyny yzygiderli almaly bolmagyňyz mümkin.
[[email ~]$ netstat -c
Has köp “netstat” buýruk mysallary we ulanylyşy üçin 20 Netstat buýruk mysallaryna serediň.
43. Buýruk: nslookup
Internet serwerleri barada maglumat almak üçin ulanylýan torlaýyn peýdaly programma. Adyndan görnüşi ýaly, kömekçi DNS-i sorap, domenler üçin at serweri maglumatyny tapýar.
[[email ~]$ nslookup linux-console.net Server: 192.168.1.1 Address: 192.168.1.1#53 Non-authoritative answer: Name: linux-console.net Address: 50.16.67.239
[[email ~]$ nslookup -query=mx linux-console.net Server: 192.168.1.1 Address: 192.168.1.1#53 Non-authoritative answer: linux-console.net mail exchanger = 0 smtp.secureserver.net. linux-console.net mail exchanger = 10 mailstore1.secureserver.net. Authoritative answers can be found from:
[[email ~]$ nslookup -type=ns linux-console.net Server: 192.168.1.1 Address: 192.168.1.1#53 Non-authoritative answer: linux-console.net nameserver = ns3404.com. linux-console.net nameserver = ns3403.com. Authoritative answers can be found from:
[[email ~]$ nslookup -type=any linux-console.net Server: 192.168.1.1 Address: 192.168.1.1#53 Non-authoritative answer: linux-console.net mail exchanger = 10 mailstore1.secureserver.net. linux-console.net mail exchanger = 0 smtp.secureserver.net. linux-console.net nameserver = ns06.domaincontrol.com. linux-console.net nameserver = ns3404.com. linux-console.net nameserver = ns3403.com. linux-console.net nameserver = ns05.domaincontrol.com. Authoritative answers can be found from:
[[email ~]$ nslookup -type=soa linux-console.net Server: 192.168.1.1 Address: 192.168.1.1#53 Non-authoritative answer: linux-console.net origin = ns3403.hostgator.com mail addr = dnsadmin.gator1702.hostgator.com serial = 2012081102 refresh = 86400 retry = 7200 expire = 3600000 minimum = 86400 Authoritative answers can be found from:
Birikdirmek isleýän port belgiňizi üýtgediň
[[email ~]$ nslookup -port 56 linux-console.net Server: linux-console.net Address: 50.16.76.239#53 Name: 56 Address: 14.13.253.12
44. Buýruk: gazyň
gazmak, host salgylary, poçta alyş-çalyşlary, at serwerleri we şuňa meňzeş maglumatlar hakda maglumat almak üçin DNS at serwerlerini gözlemek üçin guraldyr. Bu gural islendik Linux (Unix) ýa-da Macintosh OS X operasiýa ulgamyndan ulanylyp bilner. Gazmagyň iň adaty ulanylyşy, diňe bir öý eýesini soramakdyr.
[[email ~]$ dig linux-console.net ; <<>> DiG 9.8.2rc1-RedHat-9.8.2-0.17.rc1.el6 <<>> linux-console.net ;; global options: +cmd ;; Got answer: ;; ->>HEADER<
[[email ~]$ dig linux-console.net +nocomments ; <<>> DiG 9.8.2rc1-RedHat-9.8.2-0.17.rc1.el6 <<>> linux-console.net +nocomments ;; global options: +cmd ;linux-console.net. IN A linux-console.net. 14400 IN A 40.216.66.239 ;; Query time: 418 msec ;; SERVER: 192.168.1.1#53(192.168.1.1) ;; WHEN: Sat Jun 29 13:53:22 2013 ;; MSG SIZE rcvd: 45
[[email ~]$ dig linux-console.net +noauthority ; <<>> DiG 9.8.2rc1-RedHat-9.8.2-0.17.rc1.el6 <<>> linux-console.net +noauthority ;; global options: +cmd ;; Got answer: ;; ->>HEADER<
[[email ~]$ dig linux-console.net +noadditional ; <<>> DiG 9.9.2-P1 <<>> linux-console.net +noadditional ;; global options: +cmd ;; Got answer: ;; ->>HEADER<
[[email ~]$ dig linux-console.net +nostats ; <<>> DiG 9.8.2rc1-RedHat-9.8.2-0.17.rc1.el6 <<>> linux-console.net +nostats ;; global options: +cmd ;; Got answer: ;; ->>HEADER<
[[email ~]$ dig linux-console.net +noanswer ; <<>> DiG 9.8.2rc1-RedHat-9.8.2-0.17.rc1.el6 <<>> linux-console.net +noanswer ;; global options: +cmd ;; Got answer: ;; ->>HEADER<
[[email ~]$ dig linux-console.net +noall ; <<>> DiG 9.8.2rc1-RedHat-9.8.2-0.17.rc1.el6 <<>> linux-console.net +noall ;; global options: +cmd
45. Buýruk: iş wagty
Linux Linux Machine-a ýaňy birigip, üýtgeşik ýa-da zyýanly bir zat tapdyňyz, näme edersiňiz? Çaklamak…. NOOK, serwer gözegçilik edilmedik wagty hakykatda nämeleriň bolandygyny barlamak üçin iş wagtyny işledip bilmersiňiz.
[[email ~]$ uptime 14:37:10 up 4:21, 2 users, load average: 0.00, 0.00, 0.04
46. Buýruk: diwar
Dolandyryjy üçin iň möhüm buýruklaryň biri bolan diwar, hawa diýip kesgitlenen mesg rugsady bilen girenleriň hemmesine habar iberýär. Habar diwara argument hökmünde berilip bilner ýa-da diwaryň adaty girişine iberilip bilner.
[[email ~]$ wall "we will be going down for maintenance for one hour sharply at 03:30 pm" Broadcast message from [email (pts/0) (Sat Jun 29 14:44:02 2013): we will be going down for maintenance for one hour sharply at 03:30 pm
47. buýruk: mesg
Adamlar ekrana size tekst ibermek üçin\ýazmak buýrugyny ulanyp biljekdigine gözegçilik etmäge mümkinçilik berýär.
mesg [n|y] n - prevents the message from others popping up on the screen. y – Allows messages to appear on your screen.
48. Buýruk: ýaz
“Mesg” “y” bolsa, gönüden-göni başga bir Linux enjamynyň ekranyna tekst ibermäge rugsat beriň.
[[email ~]$ write ravisaive
49. Buýruk: gürleşmek
Buýruk, gepleşik buýrugy ýazmak üçin goşmaça enjam, hasaba giren ulanyjylar bilen gürleşmäge mümkinçilik berýär.
[[email ~]$ talk ravisaive
Bellik: Gepleşik buýrugy gurulmadyk bolsa, zerur paketleri elmydama ýerleşdirip ýa-da ýumup bilersiňiz.
[[email ~]$ yum install talk OR [[email ~]$ apt-get install talk
50. Buýruk: w
w haýsy buýruk gülkünç görünýär? Emma aslynda beýle däl. Diňe bir harp uzyn bolsa-da buýruk däl! “W” buýrugy iş wagtynyň kombinasiýasy bolup, biri-birine derrew buýruk berýär.
[[email ~]$ w 15:05:42 up 4:49, 3 users, load average: 0.02, 0.01, 0.00 USER TTY FROM [email IDLE JCPU PCPU WHAT server tty7 :0 14:06 4:43m 1:42 0.08s pam: gdm-passwo server pts/0 :0.0 14:18 0.00s 0.23s 1.65s gnome-terminal server pts/1 :0.0 14:47 4:43 0.01s 0.01s bash
51. Buýruk: adyny üýtgetmek
Adyndan görnüşi ýaly, bu buýruk faýllaryň adyny üýtgedýär. adyny üýtgetmek, faýlyň adyndan ilkinji hadysany çalyşmak bilen görkezilen faýllaryň adyny üýtgeder.
Give the file names a1, a2, a3, a4.....1213
Diňe buýrugy ýazyň.
rename a1 a0 a? rename a1 a0 a??
52. Buýruk: ýokarky
CPU-nyň amallaryny görkezýär. Bu buýruk, awtomatiki usulda täzelenýär we arakesme görkezmesi berilmese CPU amallaryny görkezmegi dowam etdirýär.
[[email ~]$ top
top - 14:06:45 up 10 days, 20:57, 2 users, load average: 0.10, 0.16, 0.21
Tasks: 240 total, 1 running, 235 sleeping, 0 stopped, 4 zombie
%Cpu(s): 2.0 us, 0.5 sy, 0.0 ni, 97.5 id, 0.0 wa, 0.0 hi, 0.0 si, 0.0 st
KiB Mem: 2028240 total, 1777848 used, 250392 free, 81804 buffers
KiB Swap: 3905532 total, 156748 used, 3748784 free, 381456 cached
PID USER PR NI VIRT RES SHR S %CPU %MEM TIME+ COMMAND
23768 ravisaiv 20 0 1428m 571m 41m S 2.3 28.9 14:27.52 firefox
24182 ravisaiv 20 0 511m 132m 25m S 1.7 6.7 2:45.94 plugin-containe
26929 ravisaiv 20 0 5344 1432 972 R 0.7 0.1 0:00.07 top
24875 ravisaiv 20 0 263m 14m 10m S 0.3 0.7 0:02.76 lxterminal
1 root 20 0 3896 1928 1228 S 0.0 0.1 0:01.62 init
2 root 20 0 0 0 0 S 0.0 0.0 0:00.06 kthreadd
3 root 20 0 0 0 0 S 0.0 0.0 0:17.28 ksoftirqd/0
5 root 0 -20 0 0 0 S 0.0 0.0 0:00.00 kworker/0:0H
7 root 0 -20 0 0 0 S 0.0 0.0 0:00.00 kworker/u:0H
8 root rt 0 0 0 0 S 0.0 0.0 0:00.12 migration/0
9 root 20 0 0 0 0 S 0.0 0.0 0:00.00 rcu_bh
10 root 20 0 0 0 0 S 0.0 0.0 0:26.94 rcu_sched
11 root rt 0 0 0 0 S 0.0 0.0 0:01.95 watchdog/0
12 root rt 0 0 0 0 S 0.0 0.0 0:02.00 watchdog/1
13 root 20 0 0 0 0 S 0.0 0.0 0:17.80 ksoftirqd/1
14 root rt 0 0 0 0 S 0.0 0.0 0:00.12 migration/1
16 root 0 -20 0 0 0 S 0.0 0.0 0:00.00 kworker/1:0H
17 root 0 -20 0 0 0 S 0.0 0.0 0:00.00 cpuset
18 root 0 -20 0 0 0 S 0.0 0.0 0:00.00 khelper
19 root 20 0 0 0 0 S 0.0 0.0 0:00.00 kdevtmpfs
20 root 0 -20 0 0 0 S 0.0 0.0 0:00.00 netns
21 root 20 0 0 0 0 S 0.0 0.0 0:00.04 bdi-default
22 root 0 -20 0 0 0 S 0.0 0.0 0:00.00 kintegrityd
23 root 0 -20 0 0 0 S 0.0 0.0 0:00.00 kblockd
24 root 0 -20 0 0 0 S 0.0 0.0 0:00.00 ata_sffŞeýle hem okaň: 12 TOP buýruk mysallary
53. Buýruk: mkfs.ext4
Bu buýruk görkezilen enjamda täze ext4 faýl ulgamyny döredýär, eger bu buýrukdan soň nädogry enjam ýerine ýetirilse, ähli blok süpüriler we formatlanar, şonuň üçin näme edýändigiňize düşünýänçäňiz bu buýrugy işletmezlik maslahat berilýär.
Mkfs.ext4 /dev/sda1 (sda1 block will be formatted) mkfs.ext4 /dev/sdb1 (sdb1 block will be formatted)
Dowamyny oka: Ext4 näme we nädip döretmeli we öwürmeli
54. Buýruk: vi/emacs/nano
vi (wizual), emacs, nano Linux-da iň köp ulanylýan redaktorlaryň käbiri. Teksti, konfigurasiýany,… faýllary redaktirlemek üçin köplenç ulanylýar. Vi we nano töwereginde işlemek üçin çalt gollanma, emacs a.
[[email ~]$ touch a.txt (creates a text file a.txt) [[email ~]$ vi a.txt (open a.txt with vi editor)
[goýmak tertibine girmek üçin i basyň, ýogsam hiç zat ýazyp bilmersiňiz]
echo "Hello" (your text here for the file)
- alt + x (çykyş goýmak tertibi, soňky harpyň arasynda biraz boş ýer saklamagy ýatdan çykarmaň.
- ctrl+x buýrugy ýa-da soňky sözüňiz pozular).
- : wq! (faýly ýatda saklaýar, häzirki tekst bilen, ! ýok etmelidigini ýadyňyzdan çykarmaň).
[[email ~]$ nano a.txt (open a.txt file to be edited with nano)
edit, with the content, required
ctrl+x (redaktory ýapmak üçin). Çykyşy şeýle görkezer:
Save modified buffer (ANSWERING "No" WILL DESTROY CHANGES) ? Y Yes N No ^C Cancel
Hawa üçin y düwmesine basyň we faýlyň adyny giriziň, gutardyňyz.
55. Buýruk: rsync
Rsync faýllary göçürýär we öňegidişlik çyzgysy üçin -P wyklýuçateli bar. Şonuň üçin rsync gurnan bolsaňyz, ýönekeý lakam ulanyp bilersiňiz.
alias cp='rsync -aP'
Indi terminalda uly bir faýly göçürip görüň we gidiş setirine meňzeş galan zatlar bilen çykyşy görüň.
Mundan başga-da, ätiýaçlyk nusgasyny saklamak we goldamak ulgam dolandyryjysynyň ýerine ýetirmeli iň möhüm we içgysgynç işlerinden biridir. Rsync, terminalda ätiýaçlyk nusgasyny döretmek we goldamak üçin gaty gowy gural (bar, başga-da birnäçe).
[[email ~]$ rsync -zvr IMG_5267\ copy\=33\ copy\=ok.jpg ~/Desktop/ sending incremental file list IMG_5267 copy=33 copy=ok.jpg sent 2883830 bytes received 31 bytes 5767722.00 bytes/sec total size is 2882771 speedup is 1.00
Bellik: gysyş üçin -z, söz üçin -v we gaýtalanýan üçin -r.
56. Buýruk: mugt
Memoryady we çeşmeleri yzarlamak, administrator tarapyndan ýerine ýetirilen beýleki meseleler ýaly möhümdir we mugt buýruk bu ýere kömek edýär.
[[email ~]$ free
total used free shared buffers cached
Mem: 2028240 1788272 239968 0 69468 363716
-/+ buffers/cache: 1355088 673152
Swap: 3905532 157076 3748456[[email ~]$ free -b
total used free shared buffers cached
Mem: 2076917760 1838272512 238645248 0 71348224 372670464
-/+ buffers/cache: 1394253824 682663936
Swap: 3999264768 160845824 3838418944[[email ~]$ free -k
total used free shared buffers cached
Mem: 2028240 1801484 226756 0 69948 363704
-/+ buffers/cache: 1367832 660408
Swap: 3905532 157076 3748456[[email ~]$ free -m
total used free shared buffers cached
Mem: 1980 1762 218 0 68 355
-/+ buffers/cache: 1338 641
Swap: 3813 153 3660[[email ~]$ free -g
total used free shared buffers cached
Mem: 1 1 0 0 0 0
-/+ buffers/cache: 1 0
Swap: 3 0 3[[email ~]$ free -h
total used free shared buffers cached
Mem: 1.9G 1.7G 208M 0B 68M 355M
-/+ buffers/cache: 1.3G 632M
Swap: 3.7G 153M 3.6G[[email ~]$ free -s 3
total used free shared buffers cached
Mem: 2028240 1824096 204144 0 70708 364180
-/+ buffers/cache: 1389208 639032
Swap: 3905532 157076 3748456
total used free shared buffers cached
Mem: 2028240 1824192 204048 0 70716 364212
-/+ buffers/cache: 1389264 638976
Swap: 3905532 157076 374845657. Buýruk: mysqldump
Bolýar, şu wagta çenli bu buýrugyň adyndan nämäni aňladýandygyna düşünersiňiz. Mysqldump buýruklaryň hemmesini (ätiýaçlyk nusgalaryny) ýa-da belli bir maglumat bazasynyň maglumatlaryny berlen faýla zyňýar. Mysal üçin,
[[email ~]$ mysqldump -u root -p --all-databases > /home/server/Desktop/backupfile.sql
Bellik: mysqldump mysql-iň işlemegini we ygtyýarnama üçin paroly düzetmegini talap edýär. Maglumat bazasynyň ätiýaçlyk nusgasyndaky käbir peýdaly “mysqldump” buýruklaryny mysqldump buýrugy bilen ýapdyk
58. Buýruk: mkpasswd
Görkezilişi ýaly uzynlygyň tötänleýin parolyny düzüň.
[[email ~]$ mkpasswd -l 10 zI4+Ybqfx9
[[email ~]$ mkpasswd -l 20 w0Pr7aqKk&hmbmqdrlmk
Bellik: -l 10 10 simwoldan tötänleýin parol döredýär, -l 20 bolsa 20 belginiň parolyny döredýär, islenýän netijäni almak üçin islendik zada düzülip bilner. Bu buýruk, tötänleýin parol döretmek üçin köplenç skript dilinde ulanylýar. Bu buýrugy ulanmak üçin garaşmak bukjasyny ýummak ýa-da ulanmak zerur bolup biler.
yum install expect OR apt-get install expect
59. Buýruk: goý
Ulanylýan setirlerde iki ýa-da has köp tekst faýly birleşdiriň. Mysal. 1-nji faýlyň mazmuny:
1 2 3 and file2 was: a b c d the resulting file3 would be: 1 a 2 b 3 c d
60.Söwda: lsof
lsof\açyk faýllaryň sanawyny aňladýar we ulgamyňyzyň açan ähli faýllaryny görkezýär. Haýsy prosesleriň belli bir faýly ulanýandygyny anyklamak ýa-da ähli faýllary bir amal üçin görkezmek gaty peýdaly. Käbir peýdaly 10 lsof buýruk mysallar, okamak bilen gyzyklanyp bilersiňiz.
[[email ~]$ lsof COMMAND PID TID USER FD TYPE DEVICE SIZE/OFF NODE NAME init 1 root cwd DIR 8,1 4096 2 / init 1 root rtd DIR 8,1 4096 2 / init 1 root txt REG 8,1 227432 395571 /sbin/init init 1 root mem REG 8,1 47080 263023 /lib/i386-linux-gnu/libnss_files-2.17.so init 1 root mem REG 8,1 42672 270178 /lib/i386-linux-gnu/libnss_nis-2.17.so init 1 root mem REG 8,1 87940 270187 /lib/i386-linux-gnu/libnsl-2.17.so init 1 root mem REG 8,1 30560 263021 /lib/i386-linux-gnu/libnss_compat-2.17.so init 1 root mem REG 8,1 124637 270176 /lib/i386-linux-gnu/libpthread-2.17.so init 1 root mem REG 8,1 1770984 266166 /lib/i386-linux-gnu/libc-2.17.so init 1 root mem REG 8,1 30696 262824 /lib/i386-linux-gnu/librt-2.17.so init 1 root mem REG 8,1 34392 262867 /lib/i386-linux-gnu/libjson.so.0.1.0 init 1 root mem REG 8,1 296792 262889 /lib/i386-linux-gnu/libdbus-1.so.3.7.2 init 1 root mem REG 8,1 34168 262840 /lib/i386-linux-gnu/libnih-dbus.so.1.0.0 init 1 root mem REG 8,1 95616 262848 /lib/i386-linux-gnu/libnih.so.1.0.0 init 1 root mem REG 8,1 134376 270186 /lib/i386-linux-gnu/ld-2.17.so init 1 root 0u CHR 1,3 0t0 1035 /dev/null init 1 root 1u CHR 1,3 0t0 1035 /dev/null init 1 root 2u CHR 1,3 0t0 1035 /dev/null init 1 root 3r FIFO 0,8 0t0 1714 pipe init 1 root 4w FIFO 0,8 0t0 1714 pipe init 1 root 5r 0000 0,9 0 6245 anon_inode init 1 root 6r 0000 0,9 0 6245 anon_inode init 1 root 7u unix 0xf5e91f80 0t0 8192 @/com/ubuntu/upstart init 1 root 8w REG 8,1 3916 394 /var/log/upstart/teamviewerd.log.1 (deleted)
Bu ahyrzaman däl, ulgam dolandyryjysy, işleýän şeýle ajaýyp interfeýsi üpjün etmek üçin köp zatlar edýär. Ulgam dolandyryşy aslynda gaty kämil görnüşde öwrenmek we durmuşa geçirmek sungatydyr. Linux hünärmeniniň öwrenmeli beýleki zerur zatlary bilen size synanyşarys, linuxyň aslynda özi öwrenmek we öwrenmek prosesi. Gowy sözleriňiz elmydama gözlenýär, bu size bilimli makala bermek üçin has köp tagalla etmegi höweslendirýär.\Bize ýaýramaga kömek etmek üçin Bizi halaň we paýlaşyň.