21 Her Linux Sysadmin üçin peýdaly Tar buýruk mysallary

Linux “tar” lenta arhiwini aňladýar, köp sanly Linux/Unix ulgam dolandyryjylary tarapyndan Linux-da lenta ätiýaçlyk ätiýaçlygy bilen iş salyşmak üçin ulanylýar.

Tar buýrugy faýllaryň we kataloglaryň ýygyndysyny Linux-da tarball ýa-da tar, gzip we bzip diýlip atlandyrylýan ýokary gysylan arhiw faýlyna bölmek üçin ulanylýar.

Tar, bir diskden başga bir diske ýa-da maşyna aňsatlyk bilen geçirilip bilinýän gysylan arhiw faýllaryny döretmek üçin iň giňden ulanylýan buýrukdyr.

Bu makalada (tar, tar.gz we tar.bz2) gysyşy ulanyp, arhiw faýllaryny nädip döretmelidigini, arhiw faýllaryny nädip çykarmalydygyny, ýekeje faýly çykarmalydygyny, şol sanda dürli tar buýruk mysallaryny gözden geçireris we ara alyp maslahatlaşarys. faýlyň mazmuny, bir faýly barlamak, bar bolan arhiw faýlyna faýl ýa-da katalog goşmak, tar arhiw faýlynyň ululygyna baha bermek we ş.m.

[Şeýle hem halap bilersiňiz: 7-Zip - Highokary gysyş gatnaşygy bolan faýllary gysmak we gysmak]

Bu gollanmanyň esasy maksady, tar arhiw manipulýasiýasyna düşünmek we hünärmen bolmak üçin peýdaly bolup biljek dürli tar buýruk mysallaryny bermekdir.

Tar buýrugynyň aşakdaky mysaly, häzirki işleýän katalogda/home/tecmint bukjasy üçin tecmint-14-09-12.tar tar arhiw faýly döreder.

Hereketde tar buýrugynyň mysalyna serediň.

# tar -cvf tecmint-14-09-12.tar /home/tecmint/

/home/tecmint/
/home/tecmint/cleanfiles.sh
/home/tecmint/openvpn-2.1.4.tar.gz
/home/tecmint/tecmint-14-09-12.tar
/home/tecmint/phpmyadmin-2.11.11.3-1.el5.rf.noarch.rpm
/home/tecmint/rpmforge-release-0.5.2-2.el5.rf.i386.rpm

Tar arhiw faýly döretmek üçin ýokardaky tar buýrugynda ulanylan her bir warianty ara alyp maslahatlaşalyň.

c - Täze .tar arhiw faýly döredýär.
v - .tar faýlyň ösüşini aç-açan görkeziň.
f - Arhiw faýlyň adynyň görnüşi.

Gysylan gzip arhiw faýly döretmek üçin z opsiýasyny ulanýarys. Mysal üçin, aşakdaky buýruk/home/MyImages katalogy üçin gysylan MyImages-14-09-12.tar.gz faýly döreder. (Bellik: tar.gz we tgz ikisi hem meňzeş).

# tar cvzf MyImages-14-09-12.tar.gz /home/MyImages
OR
# tar cvzf MyImages-14-09-12.tgz /home/MyImages

/home/MyImages/
/home/MyImages/Sara-Khan-and-model-Priyanka-Shah.jpg
/home/MyImages/RobertKristenviolent101201.jpg
/home/MyImages/Justintimerlake101125.jpg
/home/MyImages/Mileyphoto101203.jpg
/home/MyImages/JenniferRobert101130.jpg
/home/MyImages/katrinabarbiedoll231110.jpg
/home/MyImages/the-japanese-wife-press-conference.jpg
/home/MyImages/ReesewitherspoonCIA101202.jpg
/home/MyImages/yanaguptabaresf231110.jpg

Bz2 aýratynlygy gzip ululygyndan az arhiw faýlyny gysýar we döredýär. Bz2 gysylmagy, az wagt alýan gzip-den has köp faýllary gysmak we dekompressiýa etmek üçin has köp wagt alýar.

Örän gysylan tar faýly döretmek üçin j opsiýasyny ulanýarys. Aşakdaky mysal buýrugy/home/php bukjasy üçin Phpfiles-org.tar.bz2 faýly döreder. (Bellik: tar.bz2 we tbz tb2-e meňzeýär).

# tar cvfj Phpfiles-org.tar.bz2 /home/php
OR
# tar cvfj Phpfiles-org.tar.tbz /home/php
OR 
# tar cvfj Phpfiles-org.tar.tb2 /home/php

/home/php/
/home/php/iframe_ew.php
/home/php/videos_all.php
/home/php/rss.php
/home/php/index.php
/home/php/vendor.php
/home/php/video_title.php
/home/php/report.php
/home/php/object.html
/home/php/video.php

Tar faýlyny aýyrmak ýa-da çykarmak üçin diňe x (ekstrakt) opsiýasyny ulanyp aşakdaky buýrugy beriň. Mysal üçin, aşakdaky buýruk häzirki iş bukjasyndaky public_html-14-09-12.tar faýlyny açar.

Başga bir katalogda açmak isleseňiz, -C (görkezilen katalog) opsiýasyny ulanyň.

## Untar files in Current Directory ##
# tar -xvf public_html-14-09-12.tar

## Untar files in specified Directory ##
# tar -xvf public_html-14-09-12.tar -C /home/public_html/videos/

/home/public_html/videos/
/home/public_html/videos/views.php
/home/public_html/videos/index.php
/home/public_html/videos/logout.php
/home/public_html/videos/all_categories.php
/home/public_html/videos/feeds.xml

Tar.gz arhiw faýlyny gysmak üçin aşakdaky buýrugy işlediň. Dürli kataloglarda bölmek islesek, ýokardaky mysalda görkezilişi ýaly -C opsiýasyny we katalog ýoluny ulanyň.

# tar -xvf thumbnails-14-09-12.tar.gz

/home/public_html/videos/thumbnails/
/home/public_html/videos/thumbnails/katdeepika231110.jpg
/home/public_html/videos/thumbnails/katrinabarbiedoll231110.jpg
/home/public_html/videos/thumbnails/onceuponatime101125.jpg
/home/public_html/videos/thumbnails/playbutton.png
/home/public_html/videos/thumbnails/ReesewitherspoonCIA101202.jpg
/home/public_html/videos/thumbnails/snagItNarration.jpg
/home/public_html/videos/thumbnails/Minissha-Lamba.jpg
/home/public_html/videos/thumbnails/Lindsaydance101201.jpg
/home/public_html/videos/thumbnails/Mileyphoto101203.jpg

Gaty gysylan tar.bz2 faýlyny gysmak üçin aşakdaky buýrugy ulanyň. Aşakdaky mysal buýrugy arhiw faýlyndaky ähli .flv faýllaryny açar.

# tar -xvf videos-14-09-12.tar.bz2

/home/public_html/videos/flv/katrinabarbiedoll231110.flv
/home/public_html/videos/flv/BrookmuellerCIA101125.flv
/home/public_html/videos/flv/dollybackinbb4101125.flv
/home/public_html/videos/flv/JenniferRobert101130.flv
/home/public_html/videos/flv/JustinAwardmovie101125.flv
/home/public_html/videos/flv/Lakme-Fashion-Week.flv
/home/public_html/videos/flv/Mileyphoto101203.flv
/home/public_html/videos/flv/Minissha-Lamba.flv

Tar arhiw faýlynyň mazmunyny sanamak üçin diňe t (opsiýa mazmuny) opsiýasy bilen aşakdaky buýrugy işlediň. Aşakdaky buýruk uploadpresent.tar faýlynyň mazmunyny görkezer.

# tar -tvf uploadprogress.tar

-rw-r--r-- chregu/staff   2276 2011-08-15 18:51:10 package2.xml
-rw-r--r-- chregu/staff   7877 2011-08-15 18:51:10 uploadprogress/examples/index.php
-rw-r--r-- chregu/staff   1685 2011-08-15 18:51:10 uploadprogress/examples/server.php
-rw-r--r-- chregu/staff   1697 2011-08-15 18:51:10 uploadprogress/examples/info.php
-rw-r--r-- chregu/staff    367 2011-08-15 18:51:10 uploadprogress/config.m4
-rw-r--r-- chregu/staff    303 2011-08-15 18:51:10 uploadprogress/config.w32
-rw-r--r-- chregu/staff   3563 2011-08-15 18:51:10 uploadprogress/php_uploadprogress.h
-rw-r--r-- chregu/staff  15433 2011-08-15 18:51:10 uploadprogress/uploadprogress.c
-rw-r--r-- chregu/staff   1433 2011-08-15 18:51:10 package.xml

Tar.gz faýlynyň mazmunyny sanamak üçin aşakdaky buýrugy ulanyň.

# tar -tvf staging.linux-console.net.tar.gz

-rw-r--r-- root/root         0 2012-08-30 04:03:57 staging.linux-console.net-access_log
-rw-r--r-- root/root       587 2012-08-29 18:35:12 staging.linux-console.net-access_log.1
-rw-r--r-- root/root       156 2012-01-21 07:17:56 staging.linux-console.net-access_log.2
-rw-r--r-- root/root       156 2011-12-21 11:30:56 staging.linux-console.net-access_log.3
-rw-r--r-- root/root       156 2011-11-20 17:28:24 staging.linux-console.net-access_log.4
-rw-r--r-- root/root         0 2012-08-30 04:03:57 staging.linux-console.net-error_log
-rw-r--r-- root/root      3981 2012-08-29 18:35:12 staging.linux-console.net-error_log.1
-rw-r--r-- root/root       211 2012-01-21 07:17:56 staging.linux-console.net-error_log.2
-rw-r--r-- root/root       211 2011-12-21 11:30:56 staging.linux-console.net-error_log.3
-rw-r--r-- root/root       211 2011-11-20 17:28:24 staging.linux-console.net-error_log.4

Tar.bz2 faýlynyň mazmunyny sanawlamak üçin aşakdaky buýrugy beriň.

# tar -tvf Phpfiles-org.tar.bz2

drwxr-xr-x root/root         0 2012-09-15 03:06:08 /home/php/
-rw-r--r-- root/root      1751 2012-09-15 03:06:08 /home/php/iframe_ew.php
-rw-r--r-- root/root     11220 2012-09-15 03:06:08 /home/php/videos_all.php
-rw-r--r-- root/root      2152 2012-09-15 03:06:08 /home/php/rss.php
-rw-r--r-- root/root      3021 2012-09-15 03:06:08 /home/php/index.php
-rw-r--r-- root/root      2554 2012-09-15 03:06:08 /home/php/vendor.php
-rw-r--r-- root/root       406 2012-09-15 03:06:08 /home/php/video_title.php
-rw-r--r-- root/root      4116 2012-09-15 03:06:08 /home/php/report.php
-rw-r--r-- root/root      1273 2012-09-15 03:06:08 /home/php/object.html

Cleanfiles.sh.tar-dan cleanfiles.sh atly ýekeje faýly çykarmak üçin aşakdaky buýrugy ulanyň.

# tar -xvf cleanfiles.sh.tar cleanfiles.sh
OR
# tar --extract --file=cleanfiles.sh.tar cleanfiles.sh

cleanfiles.sh

Tecmintbackup.tar.gz arhiw faýlyndan tecmintbackup.xml ýekeje faýly çykarmak üçin buýrugy aşakdaky ýaly ulanyň.

# tar -zxvf tecmintbackup.tar.gz tecmintbackup.xml
OR
# tar --extract --file=tecmintbackup.tar.gz tecmintbackup.xml

tecmintbackup.xml

Phpfiles-org.tar.bz2 faýlyndan index.php atly ýekeje faýly çykarmak üçin aşakdaky opsiýany ulanyň.

# tar -jxvf Phpfiles-org.tar.bz2 home/php/index.php
OR
# tar --extract --file=Phpfiles-org.tar.bz2 /home/php/index.php

/home/php/index.php

Tar, tar.gz we tar.bz2 arhiw faýllaryndan birnäçe faýl çykarmak ýa-da aýyrmak üçin. Mysal üçin, aşakdaky buýruk arhiw faýllaryndan “1-nji faýl” we “2-nji faýl” çykar.

# tar -xvf tecmint-14-09-12.tar "file1" "file2" 

# tar -zxvf MyImages-14-09-12.tar.gz "file1" "file2" 

# tar -jxvf Phpfiles-org.tar.bz2 "file1" "file2"

Faýllaryň toparyny çykarmak üçin ýabany karta esasly göçürmäni ulanýarys. Mysal üçin, tar, tar.gz we tar.bz2 arhiw faýlyndan .php bilen başlaýan ähli faýllaryň toparyny çykarmak.

# tar -xvf Phpfiles-org.tar --wildcards '*.php'

# tar -zxvf Phpfiles-org.tar.gz --wildcards '*.php'

# tar -jxvf Phpfiles-org.tar.bz2 --wildcards '*.php'

/home/php/iframe_ew.php
/home/php/videos_all.php
/home/php/rss.php
/home/php/index.php
/home/php/vendor.php
/home/php/video_title.php
/home/php/report.php
/home/php/video.php

Bar bolan arhiw faýllaryna faýllary ýa-da kataloglary goşmak üçin r (goşundy) opsiýasyny ulanýarys. Mysal üçin, bar bolan tecmint-14-09-12.tar arhiw faýlyna xyz.txt faýly we php bukjasyny goşýarys.

# tar -rvf tecmint-14-09-12.tar xyz.txt

# tar -rvf tecmint-14-09-12.tar php

drwxr-xr-x root/root         0 2012-09-15 02:24:21 home/tecmint/
-rw-r--r-- root/root  15740615 2012-09-15 02:23:42 home/tecmint/cleanfiles.sh
-rw-r--r-- root/root    863726 2012-09-15 02:23:41 home/tecmint/openvpn-2.1.4.tar.gz
-rw-r--r-- root/root  21063680 2012-09-15 02:24:21 home/tecmint/tecmint-14-09-12.tar
-rw-r--r-- root/root   4437600 2012-09-15 02:23:41 home/tecmint/phpmyadmin-2.11.11.3-1.el5.rf.noarch.rpm
-rw-r--r-- root/root     12680 2012-09-15 02:23:41 home/tecmint/rpmforge-release-0.5.2-2.el5.rf.i386.rpm
-rw-r--r-- root/root 0 2012-08-18 19:11:04 xyz.txt
drwxr-xr-x root/root 0 2012-09-15 03:06:08 php/ 
-rw-r--r-- root/root 1751 2012-09-15 03:06:08 php/iframe_ew.php 
-rw-r--r-- root/root 11220 2012-09-15 03:06:08 php/videos_all.php 
-rw-r--r-- root/root 2152 2012-09-15 03:06:08 php/rss.php 
-rw-r--r-- root/root 3021 2012-09-15 03:06:08 php/index.php 
-rw-r--r-- root/root 2554 2012-09-15 03:06:08 php/vendor.php 
-rw-r--r-- root/root 406 2012-09-15 03:06:08 php/video_title.php

Tar buýrugynda bar bolan gysylan tar.gz we tar.bz2 arhiw faýlyna faýl ýa-da katalog goşmak mümkinçiligi ýok. Synanşsak, aşakdaky ýalňyşlygy alarys.

# tar -rvf MyImages-14-09-12.tar.gz xyz.txt

# tar -rvf Phpfiles-org.tar.bz2 xyz.txt

tar: This does not look like a tar archive
tar: Skipping to next header
xyz.txt
tar: Error exit delayed from previous errors

Islendik tar ýa-da gysylan arhiw faýlyny barlamak üçin W (barlamak) opsiýasyny ulanýarys. Munuň üçin diňe buýruklaryň aşakdaky mysallaryny ulanyň. (Bellik: Gysylan (* .tar.gz, * .tar.bz2) arhiw faýlynda tassyklama edip bilmersiňiz).

# tar tvfW tecmint-14-09-12.tar

tar: This does not look like a tar archive
tar: Skipping to next header
tar: Archive contains obsolescent base-64 headers
tar: VERIFY FAILURE: 30740 invalid headers detected
Verify -rw-r--r-- root/root    863726 2012-09-15 02:23:41 /home/tecmint/openvpn-2.1.4.tar.gz
Verify -rw-r--r-- root/root  21063680 2012-09-15 02:24:21 /home/tecmint/tecmint-14-09-12.tar
tar: /home/tecmint/tecmint-14-09-12.tar: Warning: Cannot stat: No such file or directory
Verify -rw-r--r-- root/root   4437600 2012-09-15 02:23:41 home/tecmint/phpmyadmin-2.11.11.3-1.el5.rf.noarch.rpm
tar: /home/tecmint/phpmyadmin-2.11.11.3-1.el5.rf.noarch.rpm: Warning: Cannot stat: No such file or directory
Verify -rw-r--r-- root/root     12680 2012-09-15 02:23:41 home/tecmint/rpmforge-release-0.5.2-2.el5.rf.i386.rpm
tar: /home/tecmint/rpmforge-release-0.5.2-2.el5.rf.i386.rpm: Warning: Cannot stat: No such file or directory
Verify -rw-r--r-- root/root         0 2012-08-18 19:11:04 xyz.txt
Verify drwxr-xr-x root/root         0 2012-09-15 03:06:08 php/

Islendik tar, tar.gz we tar.bz2 arhiw faýlynyň ululygyny barlamak üçin aşakdaky buýrugy ulanyň. Mysal üçin, aşakdaky buýruk Kilobaýtda (KB) arhiw faýlynyň ululygyny görkezer.

# tar -czf - tecmint-14-09-12.tar | wc -c
12820480

# tar -czf - MyImages-14-09-12.tar.gz | wc -c
112640

# tar -czf - Phpfiles-org.tar.bz2 | wc -c
20480

Tar.

# tar --exclude='file1.txt' -zcvf backup.tar.gz /home/tecmint
# tar --exclude='/home/tecmint/uploads' -zcvf backup.tar.gz /home/tecmint

Aboveokardaky buýrukda/home/tecmint bukjasyndan file1.txt we ýüklemek bukjasyny aýyrdyk.

Tar arhiw faýly döredilende (.txt) aýratyn faýl giňeltmeleri bolan faýllary aýyrmak üçin:

# tar --exclude='*.txt' -zcvf backup.tar.gz /home/tecmint

Aşakdaky tar buýrugy, görkezilişi ýaly --delete opsiýasyny ulanyp, eýýäm döredilen tar faýlyndan bir faýly ýa-da bukjany aýyrar.

# tar --delete -f backup.tar.gz file1.txt
# tar --delete -f backup.tar.gz '/home/tecmint/uploads'

Aşakdaky tar buýrugy, görkezilişi ýaly --wildcards opsiýasyny ulanyp, tar arhiw faýlyndan diňe .png giňeltmesi bolan faýllary çykarar.

# tar -xvf backup.tar.gz --wildcards '*.png'

-c - arhiw faýly dörediň.
-x - arhiw faýly çykaryň.
-v - arhiw faýlynyň gidişini görkeziň.
-f - arhiw faýlyň ady.
-t - arhiw faýlynyň mazmunyny görmek.
-u - arhiw edýär we bar bolan arhiw faýlyna goşýar.
-j - bzip2 arkaly süzgüç arhiwi.
-z - gzip arkaly süzgüç arhiwi.
-r - bar bolan arhiw faýllaryna faýllary ýa-da kataloglary goşuň ýa-da täzeläň.
-W - Arhiw faýlyny barlaň.
-A - arhiw faýllaryny birleşdirýär.
--wildcards - UNIX tar buýrugynda nagyşlary görkeziň.
- goşuň - arhiw döredilende faýl we bukjany aýyrýar.
- öçürmek - faýly we bukjany arhiwden aýyryň.

Häzirlikçe, ýokardaky tar buýruk mysallary öwrenmek üçin ýeterlikdir diýip umyt edýärin we has giňişleýin maglumat üçin man tar buýrugyny ulanyň.

# man tar

Islendik uly arhiw faýlyny birnäçe bölege ýa-da bloklara bölmek isleýän bolsaňyz, şu makalany gözden geçiriň:

Tar faýlyny belli bir ululykdaky köp faýllara nädip bölmeli
Tar buýruklaryny bir buýruk bilen nädip göçürip almaly we çykarmaly

Mysallary ýitiren bolsak, düşündiriş gutusy arkaly biziň bilen paýlaşmagyňyzy haýyş edýäris we bu makalany dostlaryňyz bilen paýlaşmagy ýatdan çykarmaň. Bu sag bolsun aýtmagyň iň gowy usuly… ..