Linux paket dolandyryşy üçin 20 YUM buýruk
Bu makalada, RedHat tarapyndan işlenip düzülen YUM (Yellowdog Updater Modified) guralyny ulanyp, Linux ulgamlarynda paketleri we ammarlary gurnamagy, täzelemegi, aýyrmagy, tapmagy, paketleri we ammarlary dolandyrmagy öwreneris.
Bu makalada görkezilen mysal buýruklary, RHEL şahadatnamalarymyzda ýa-da täze paketleri gurmagyň we ulgamyňyzy döwrebap saklamagyň usullaryny öwrenmek üçin synagdan geçirilýär.
Bu makalanyň esasy talaby, buýruklara we işleýän Linux operasiýa ulgamyna esasy düşünmeli, bu ýerde aşakda görkezilen ähli buýruklary öwrenip we amal edip bilersiňiz.
YUM näme?
YUM (Yellowdog Updater Modified) açyk çeşme buýruk setiri, şeýle hem RPM (RedHat Package Manager) esasly Linux ulgamlary üçin grafiki esasly paket dolandyryş guralydyr.
Ulanyjylara we ulgam dolandyryjylaryna ulgamda programma üpjünçilik paketlerini aňsatlyk bilen gurnamaga, täzelemäge, aýyrmaga ýa-da gözlemäge mümkinçilik berýär. Seth Widal tarapyndan GPL (General Public License) tarapyndan açyk çeşme hökmünde işlenip düzüldi we goýberildi, bu näsazlyklary düzetmek we ýöriteleşdirilen paketleri ösdürmek üçin kody göçürip alyp we oňa girip boljakdygyny aňladýar.
YUM, garaşlylyk meselelerini çözmek arkaly paketleri awtomatiki gurmak üçin köp sanly üçünji tarap ammarlaryny ulanýar.
Täzelenme: yum buýrugy RPM esasly paýlamalar bilen çalşyrylýar.
Firefox atly bukjany gurmak üçin, aşakdaky buýrugy işlediň, Firefox üçin ähli zerur garaşlylyklary awtomatiki tapar we gurar.
# yum install firefox Loaded plugins: fastestmirror Dependencies Resolved ================================================================================================ Package Arch Version Repository Size ================================================================================================ Updating: firefox i686 10.0.6-1.el6.centos updates 20 M Updating for dependencies: xulrunner i686 10.0.6-1.el6.centos updates 12 M Transaction Summary ================================================================================================ Install 0 Package(s) Upgrade 2 Package(s) Total download size: 32 M Is this ok [y/N]: y Downloading Packages: (1/2): firefox-10.0.6-1.el6.centos.i686.rpm | 20 MB 01:10 (2/2): xulrunner-10.0.6-1.el6.centos.i686.rpm | 12 MB 00:52 ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ Total 63 kB/s | 32 MB 02:04 Updated: firefox.i686 0:10.0.6-1.el6.centos Dependency Updated: xulrunner.i686 0:10.0.6-1.el6.centos Complete!
Aboveokardaky buýruk ulgamyňyza haýsydyr bir paket gurmazdan ozal tassyklama soraýar. Tassyklama soramazdan paketleri awtomatiki gurmak isleseňiz, aşakdaky mysalda görkezilişi ýaly -y
opsiýasyny ulanyň.
# yum -y install firefox
Packhli baglylyklar bilen bukjany doly aýyrmak üçin aşakda görkezilişi ýaly aşakdaky buýrugy işlediň.
# yum remove firefox Loaded plugins: fastestmirror Setting up Remove Process Resolving Dependencies --> Running transaction check ---> Package firefox.i686 0:10.0.6-1.el6.centos set to be erased --> Finished Dependency Resolution Dependencies Resolved ==================================================================================================== Package Arch Version Repository Size ==================================================================================================== Removing: firefox i686 10.0.6-1.el6.centos @updates 23 M Transaction Summary ==================================================================================================== Remove 1 Package(s) Reinstall 0 Package(s) Downgrade 0 Package(s) Is this ok [y/N]: y Downloading Packages: Running rpm_check_debug Running Transaction Test Transaction Test Succeeded Running Transaction Erasing : firefox-10.0.6-1.el6.centos.i686 1/1 Removed: firefox.i686 0:10.0.6-1.el6.centos Complete!
Edil şonuň ýaly, ýokardaky buýruk bukjany aýyrmazdan ozal tassyklama soraýar. Tassyklama haýyşyny öçürmek üçin aşakda görkezilişi ýaly -y
opsiýasyny goşuň.
# yum -y remove firefox
MySQL bukjasynyň köne wersiýasy bar diýeliň we ony iň soňky durnukly wersiýa täzelemek isleýärsiňiz. Diňe aşakdaky buýrugy işlediň, ähli baglylyk meselelerini awtomatiki çözer we gurar.
# yum update mysql Loaded plugins: fastestmirror Dependencies Resolved ============================================================================================================ Package Arch Version Repository Size ============================================================================================================ Updating: vsftpd i386 2.0.5-24.el5_8.1 updates 144 k Transaction Summary ============================================================================================================ Install 0 Package(s) Upgrade 1 Package(s) Total size: 144 k Is this ok [y/N]: y Downloading Packages: Running rpm_check_debug Running Transaction Test Finished Transaction Test Transaction Test Succeeded Running Transaction Updating : vsftpd 1/2 Cleanup : vsftpd 2/2 Updated: vsftpd.i386 0:2.0.5-24.el5_8.1 Complete!
Ady bilen ýörite bukjany gözlemek üçin sanaw funksiýasyny ulanyň. Mysal üçin, OpenSSH atly bukjany gözlemek üçin buýrugy ulanyň.
# yum list openssh Loaded plugins: fastestmirror Loading mirror speeds from cached hostfile * base: mirror.neu.edu.cn * epel: mirror.neu.edu.cn * extras: mirror.neu.edu.cn * rpmforge: mirror.nl.leaseweb.net * updates: mirror.nus.edu.sg Installed Packages openssh.i386 4.3p2-72.el5_6.3 installed Available Packages 4.3p2-82.el5 base
Gözlegiňizi has takyk etmek üçin, bilýän bolsaňyz, paket atlaryny wersiýasy bilen kesgitläň. Mysal üçin, paketiň OpenSSH-4.3p2 wersiýasyny gözlemek üçin buýrugy ulanyň.
# yum list openssh-4.3p2
[Şeýle hem halap bilersiňiz: OpenSSH serwerini nädip goramaly we saklamaly]
Bukjanyň takyk adyny ýadyňyzdan çykarmasaňyz, görkezilen bukjanyň adyna laýyk gelýän ähli paketleri gözlemek üçin gözleg funksiýasyny ulanyň. Mysal üçin, söze gabat gelýän ähli paketleri gözlemek.
# yum search vsftpd Loaded plugins: fastestmirror Loading mirror speeds from cached hostfile * base: mirror.neu.edu.cn * epel: mirror.neu.edu.cn * extras: mirror.neu.edu.cn * rpmforge: mirror.nl.leaseweb.net * updates: ftp.iitm.ac.in ============================== Matched: vsftpd ======================== ccze.i386 : A robust log colorizer pure-ftpd-selinux.i386 : SELinux support for Pure-FTPD vsftpd.i386 : vsftpd - Very Secure Ftp Daemon
Bukja gurmazdan ozal bilmek isleýärsiňiz diýiň. Bukja barada maglumat almak üçin aşakdaky buýrugy beriň.
# yum info firefox Loaded plugins: fastestmirror Loading mirror speeds from cached hostfile * base: mirror.neu.edu.cn * epel: mirror.neu.edu.cn * extras: mirror.neu.edu.cn * rpmforge: mirror.nl.leaseweb.net * updates: ftp.iitm.ac.in Available Packages Name : firefox Arch : i386 Version : 10.0.6 Release : 1.el5.centos Size : 20 M Repo : updates Summary : Mozilla Firefox Web browser URL : http://www.mozilla.org/projects/firefox/ License : MPLv1.1 or GPLv2+ or LGPLv2+ Description: Mozilla Firefox is an open-source web browser, designed for standards : compliance, performance and portability.
Umum maglumatlar bazasyndaky ähli paketleri sanamak üçin aşakdaky buýrugy ulanyň.
# yum list | less
Ulgamda gurnalan paketleriň hemmesini sanamak üçin aşakdaky buýrugy beriň, ähli gurlan paketleri görkezer.
# yum list installed | less
Yum, belli bir faýlyň haýsy bukja degişlidigini tapmak üçin ulanylýar. Mysal üçin, /etc/httpd/conf/httpd.conf bolan bukjanyň adyny bilmek isleseňiz.
# yum provides /etc/httpd/conf/httpd.conf Loaded plugins: fastestmirror httpd-2.2.3-63.el5.centos.i386 : Apache HTTP Server Repo : base Matched from: Filename : /etc/httpd/conf/httpd.conf httpd-2.2.3-63.el5.centos.1.i386 : Apache HTTP Server Repo : updates Matched from: Filename : /etc/httpd/conf/httpd.conf httpd-2.2.3-65.el5.centos.i386 : Apache HTTP Server Repo : updates Matched from: Filename : /etc/httpd/conf/httpd.conf httpd-2.2.3-53.el5.centos.1.i386 : Apache HTTP Server Repo : installed Matched from: Other : Provides-match: /etc/httpd/conf/httpd.conf
Ulgamyňyzda näçe gurnalan paketiň täzelenmesiniň bardygyny bilmek üçin aşakdaky buýrugy ulanyň.
# yum check-update
Systemhli howpsuzlyk we ikilik paket täzelenmeleri bilen ulgamyňyzy täzeläp durmak üçin aşakdaky buýrugy işlediň. Ulgamyňyza iň täze ýamalary we howpsuzlyk täzelenmelerini gurar.
# yum update
Linux-da birnäçe paket belli bir topara jemlenýär. Aýry-aýry paketleri ýum bilen gurmagyň ýerine, topara degişli ähli paketleri gurjak belli bir topar gurup bilersiňiz. Mysal üçin, bar bolan toparlary sanamak üçin aşakdaky buýrugy beriň.
# yum grouplist Installed Groups: Administration Tools DNS Name Server Dialup Networking Support Editors Engineering and Scientific FTP Server Graphics Java Development Legacy Network Server Available Groups: Authoring and Publishing Base Beagle Cluster Storage Clustering Development Libraries Development Tools Eclipse Educational Software KDE (K Desktop Environment) KDE Software Development
Belli bir paket toparyny gurmak üçin, opsiýany groupinstall hökmünde ulanýarys. Mysal üçin, “MySQL Maglumatlar bazasyny” gurmak üçin aşakdaky buýrugy ýerine ýetiriň.
# yum groupinstall 'MySQL Database' Dependencies Resolved ================================================================================================= Package Arch Version Repository Size ================================================================================================= Updating: unixODBC i386 2.2.11-10.el5 base 290 k Installing for dependencies: unixODBC-libs i386 2.2.11-10.el5 base 551 k Transaction Summary ================================================================================================= Install 1 Package(s) Upgrade 1 Package(s) Total size: 841 k Is this ok [y/N]: y Downloading Packages: Running rpm_check_debug Running Transaction Test Finished Transaction Test Transaction Test Succeeded Running Transaction Installing : unixODBC-libs 1/3 Updating : unixODBC 2/3 Cleanup : unixODBC 3/3 Dependency Installed: unixODBC-libs.i386 0:2.2.11-10.el5 Updated: unixODBC.i386 0:2.2.11-10.el5 Complete!
Bar bolan gurnalan topar paketlerini täzelemek üçin aşakda görkezilişi ýaly aşakdaky buýrugy işlediň.
# yum groupupdate 'DNS Name Server' Dependencies Resolved ================================================================================================================ Package Arch Version Repository Size ================================================================================================================ Updating: bind i386 30:9.3.6-20.P1.el5_8.2 updates 981 k bind-chroot i386 30:9.3.6-20.P1.el5_8.2 updates 47 k Updating for dependencies: bind-libs i386 30:9.3.6-20.P1.el5_8.2 updates 864 k bind-utils i386 30:9.3.6-20.P1.el5_8.2 updates 174 k Transaction Summary ================================================================================================================ Install 0 Package(s) Upgrade 4 Package(s) Total size: 2.0 M Is this ok [y/N]: y Downloading Packages: Running rpm_check_debug Running Transaction Test Finished Transaction Test Transaction Test Succeeded Running Transaction Updating : bind-libs 1/8 Updating : bind 2/8 Updating : bind-chroot 3/8 Updating : bind-utils 4/8 Cleanup : bind 5/8 Cleanup : bind-chroot 6/8 Cleanup : bind-utils 7/8 Cleanup : bind-libs 8/8 Updated: bind.i386 30:9.3.6-20.P1.el5_8.2 bind-chroot.i386 30:9.3.6-20.P1.el5_8.2 Dependency Updated: bind-libs.i386 30:9.3.6-20.P1.el5_8.2 bind-utils.i386 30:9.3.6-20.P1.el5_8.2 Complete!
Bar bolan gurnalan topary ulgamdan aýyrmak ýa-da aýyrmak üçin aşakdaky buýrugy ulanyň.
# yum groupremove 'DNS Name Server' Dependencies Resolved =========================================================================================================== Package Arch Version Repository Size =========================================================================================================== Removing: bind i386 30:9.3.6-20.P1.el5_8.2 installed 2.1 M bind-chroot i386 30:9.3.6-20.P1.el5_8.2 installed 0.0 Transaction Summary =========================================================================================================== Remove 2 Package(s) Reinstall 0 Package(s) Downgrade 0 Package(s) Is this ok [y/N]: y Downloading Packages: Running rpm_check_debug Running Transaction Test Finished Transaction Test Transaction Test Succeeded Running Transaction Erasing : bind 1/2 warning: /etc/sysconfig/named saved as /etc/sysconfig/named.rpmsave Erasing : bind-chroot 2/2 Removed: bind.i386 30:9.3.6-20.P1.el5_8.2 bind-chroot.i386 30:9.3.6-20.P1.el5_8.2 Complete!
Ulgamyňyzdaky ähli “Yum” ammarlaryny sanamak üçin aşakdaky opsiýany ulanyň.
# yum repolist repo id repo name status base CentOS-5 - Base enabled: 2,725 epel Extra Packages for Enterprise Linux 5 - i386 enabled: 5,783 extras CentOS-5 - Extras enabled: 282 mod-pagespeed mod-pagespeed enabled: 1 rpmforge RHEL 5 - RPMforge.net - dag enabled: 11,290 updates CentOS-5 - Updates enabled: 743 repolist: 20,824
Aşakdaky buýruk ulgamdaky ähli açyk we ýapyk ýum ammarlaryny görkezer.
# yum repolist all repo id repo name status C5.0-base CentOS-5.0 - Base disabled C5.0-centosplus CentOS-5.0 - Plus disabled C5.0-extras CentOS-5.0 - Extras disabled base CentOS-5 - Base enabled: 2,725 epel Extra Packages for Enterprise Linux 5 - i386 enabled: 5,783 extras CentOS-5 - Extras enabled: 282 repolist: 20,824
Belli bir açyk ýa-da ýapyk ammardan belli bir bukjany gurmak üçin, ýum buýrugyňyzda --enablerepo
opsiýasyny ulanmaly. Mysal üçin, PhpMyAdmin paketini gurmak üçin buýrugy ýerine ýetiriň.
# yum --enablerepo=epel install phpmyadmin Dependencies Resolved ============================================================================================= Package Arch Version Repository Size ============================================================================================= Installing: phpMyAdmin noarch 3.5.1-1.el6 epel 4.2 M Transaction Summary ============================================================================================= Install 1 Package(s) Total download size: 4.2 M Installed size: 17 M Is this ok [y/N]: y Downloading Packages: phpMyAdmin-3.5.1-1.el6.noarch.rpm | 4.2 MB 00:25 Running rpm_check_debug Running Transaction Test Transaction Test Succeeded Running Transaction Installing : phpMyAdmin-3.5.1-1.el6.noarch 1/1 Verifying : phpMyAdmin-3.5.1-1.el6.noarch 1/1 Installed: phpMyAdmin.noarch 0:3.5.1-1.el6 Complete!
“Yum” kömekçi programmasy, birnäçe buýrugy ýerine ýetirip boljak ýörite gabygy üpjün edýär.
# yum shell Loaded plugins: fastestmirror Setting up Yum Shell > update httpd Loading mirror speeds from cached hostfile * base: mirrors.sin3.sg.voxel.net * epel: ftp.riken.jp * extras: mirrors.sin3.sg.voxel.net * updates: mirrors.sin3.sg.voxel.net Setting up Update Process >
Düzgüne görä, ammar açyk bukjanyň ähli maglumatlaryny/var/cache/yum/-da her kiçi bukjada saklaýar, ähli keş keşlerini açyk ammardan arassalamak üçin, ähli keşi arassalamak we ýasamak üçin aşakdaky buýrugy yzygiderli işlemeli. gereksiz ýeriň ulanylýandygyna göz ýetiriň. Aşakdaky buýrugyň netijesini bermek islemeýäris, sebäbi keş görnüşindäki maglumatlary bolşy ýaly saklamagy halaýarys.
# yum clean all
Yum buýrugynyň geçen ähli amallaryny görmek üçin aşakdaky buýrugy ulanyň.
# yum history Loaded plugins: fastestmirror ID | Login user | Date and time | Action(s) | Altered ------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 10 | root | 2012-08-11 15:19 | Install | 3 9 | root | 2012-08-11 15:11 | Install | 1 8 | root | 2012-08-11 15:10 | Erase | 1 EE 7 | root | 2012-08-10 17:44 | Install | 1 6 | root | 2012-08-10 12:19 | Install | 2 5 | root | 2012-08-10 12:14 | Install | 3 4 | root | 2012-08-10 12:12 | I, U | 13 E< 3 | root | 2012-08-09 13:01 | Install | 1 > 2 | root | 2012-08-08 20:13 | I, U | 292 EE 1 | System | 2012-08-08 17:15 | Install | 560 history list
Yum buýruklaryny öz mysallary bilen öňe sürmek üçin ähli esasy zatlary ýapmaga synanyşdyk. Yum buýruklary bilen baglanyşykly bir zat sypdyran bolmagy mümkin. Teswirler gutusy arkaly bizi täzeläň. Şeýlelik bilen, alnan seslenmelere esaslanyp şol bir täzelenmegi dowam etdirýäris.