Linux paket dolandyryşy üçin 20 YUM buýruk


Bu makalada, RedHat tarapyndan işlenip düzülen YUM (Yellowdog Updater Modified) guralyny ulanyp, Linux ulgamlarynda paketleri we ammarlary gurnamagy, täzelemegi, aýyrmagy, tapmagy, paketleri we ammarlary dolandyrmagy öwreneris.

Bu makalada görkezilen mysal buýruklary, RHEL şahadatnamalarymyzda ýa-da täze paketleri gurmagyň we ulgamyňyzy döwrebap saklamagyň usullaryny öwrenmek üçin synagdan geçirilýär.

Bu makalanyň esasy talaby, buýruklara we işleýän Linux operasiýa ulgamyna esasy düşünmeli, bu ýerde aşakda görkezilen ähli buýruklary öwrenip we amal edip bilersiňiz.

YUM näme?

YUM (Yellowdog Updater Modified) açyk çeşme buýruk setiri, şeýle hem RPM (RedHat Package Manager) esasly Linux ulgamlary üçin grafiki esasly paket dolandyryş guralydyr.

Ulanyjylara we ulgam dolandyryjylaryna ulgamda programma üpjünçilik paketlerini aňsatlyk bilen gurnamaga, täzelemäge, aýyrmaga ýa-da gözlemäge mümkinçilik berýär. Seth Widal tarapyndan GPL (General Public License) tarapyndan açyk çeşme hökmünde işlenip düzüldi we goýberildi, bu näsazlyklary düzetmek we ýöriteleşdirilen paketleri ösdürmek üçin kody göçürip alyp we oňa girip boljakdygyny aňladýar.

YUM, garaşlylyk meselelerini çözmek arkaly paketleri awtomatiki gurmak üçin köp sanly üçünji tarap ammarlaryny ulanýar.

Täzelenme: yum buýrugy RPM esasly paýlamalar bilen çalşyrylýar.

Firefox atly bukjany gurmak üçin, aşakdaky buýrugy işlediň, Firefox üçin ähli zerur garaşlylyklary awtomatiki tapar we gurar.

# yum install firefox
Loaded plugins: fastestmirror
Dependencies Resolved

================================================================================================
 Package                    Arch        Version                    Repository            Size        
================================================================================================
Updating:
firefox                        i686        10.0.6-1.el6.centos     updates             20 M
Updating for dependencies:
 xulrunner                     i686        10.0.6-1.el6.centos     updates             12 M

Transaction Summary
================================================================================================
Install       0 Package(s)
Upgrade       2 Package(s)

Total download size: 32 M
Is this ok [y/N]: y
Downloading Packages:
(1/2): firefox-10.0.6-1.el6.centos.i686.rpm                                |  20 MB   01:10
(2/2): xulrunner-10.0.6-1.el6.centos.i686.rpm                              |  12 MB   00:52
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Total                                                           63 kB/s |  32 MB   02:04

Updated:
  firefox.i686 0:10.0.6-1.el6.centos

Dependency Updated:
  xulrunner.i686 0:10.0.6-1.el6.centos

Complete!

Aboveokardaky buýruk ulgamyňyza haýsydyr bir paket gurmazdan ozal tassyklama soraýar. Tassyklama soramazdan paketleri awtomatiki gurmak isleseňiz, aşakdaky mysalda görkezilişi ýaly -y opsiýasyny ulanyň.

# yum -y install firefox

Packhli baglylyklar bilen bukjany doly aýyrmak üçin aşakda görkezilişi ýaly aşakdaky buýrugy işlediň.

# yum remove firefox
Loaded plugins: fastestmirror
Setting up Remove Process
Resolving Dependencies
--> Running transaction check
---> Package firefox.i686 0:10.0.6-1.el6.centos set to be erased
--> Finished Dependency Resolution

Dependencies Resolved

====================================================================================================
 Package                    Arch        Version                        Repository            Size        
====================================================================================================
Removing:
 firefox                    i686        10.0.6-1.el6.centos            @updates              23 M

Transaction Summary
====================================================================================================
Remove        1 Package(s)
Reinstall     0 Package(s)
Downgrade     0 Package(s)

Is this ok [y/N]: y
Downloading Packages:
Running rpm_check_debug
Running Transaction Test
Transaction Test Succeeded
Running Transaction
  Erasing        : firefox-10.0.6-1.el6.centos.i686                                                                                                                          1/1

Removed:
  firefox.i686 0:10.0.6-1.el6.centos

Complete!

Edil şonuň ýaly, ýokardaky buýruk bukjany aýyrmazdan ozal tassyklama soraýar. Tassyklama haýyşyny öçürmek üçin aşakda görkezilişi ýaly -y opsiýasyny goşuň.

# yum -y remove firefox

MySQL bukjasynyň köne wersiýasy bar diýeliň we ony iň soňky durnukly wersiýa täzelemek isleýärsiňiz. Diňe aşakdaky buýrugy işlediň, ähli baglylyk meselelerini awtomatiki çözer we gurar.

# yum update mysql
Loaded plugins: fastestmirror
Dependencies Resolved

============================================================================================================
 Package            Arch                Version                    Repository                    Size
============================================================================================================
Updating:
 vsftpd             i386                2.0.5-24.el5_8.1           updates                       144 k

Transaction Summary
============================================================================================================
Install       0 Package(s)
Upgrade       1 Package(s)

Total size: 144 k
Is this ok [y/N]: y
Downloading Packages:
Running rpm_check_debug
Running Transaction Test
Finished Transaction Test
Transaction Test Succeeded
Running Transaction
  Updating       : vsftpd                                                                     1/2
  Cleanup        : vsftpd                                                                     2/2

Updated:
  vsftpd.i386 0:2.0.5-24.el5_8.1

Complete!

Ady bilen ýörite bukjany gözlemek üçin sanaw funksiýasyny ulanyň. Mysal üçin, OpenSSH atly bukjany gözlemek üçin buýrugy ulanyň.

# yum list openssh
Loaded plugins: fastestmirror
Loading mirror speeds from cached hostfile
 * base: mirror.neu.edu.cn
 * epel: mirror.neu.edu.cn
 * extras: mirror.neu.edu.cn
 * rpmforge: mirror.nl.leaseweb.net
 * updates: mirror.nus.edu.sg
Installed Packages
openssh.i386                                       4.3p2-72.el5_6.3                                                                      installed
Available Packages                                 4.3p2-82.el5                                                                          base

Gözlegiňizi has takyk etmek üçin, bilýän bolsaňyz, paket atlaryny wersiýasy bilen kesgitläň. Mysal üçin, paketiň OpenSSH-4.3p2 wersiýasyny gözlemek üçin buýrugy ulanyň.

# yum list openssh-4.3p2

[Şeýle hem halap bilersiňiz: OpenSSH serwerini nädip goramaly we saklamaly]

Bukjanyň takyk adyny ýadyňyzdan çykarmasaňyz, görkezilen bukjanyň adyna laýyk gelýän ähli paketleri gözlemek üçin gözleg funksiýasyny ulanyň. Mysal üçin, söze gabat gelýän ähli paketleri gözlemek.

# yum search vsftpd
Loaded plugins: fastestmirror
Loading mirror speeds from cached hostfile
 * base: mirror.neu.edu.cn
 * epel: mirror.neu.edu.cn
 * extras: mirror.neu.edu.cn
 * rpmforge: mirror.nl.leaseweb.net
 * updates: ftp.iitm.ac.in
============================== Matched: vsftpd ========================
ccze.i386 : A robust log colorizer
pure-ftpd-selinux.i386 : SELinux support for Pure-FTPD
vsftpd.i386 : vsftpd - Very Secure Ftp Daemon

Bukja gurmazdan ozal bilmek isleýärsiňiz diýiň. Bukja barada maglumat almak üçin aşakdaky buýrugy beriň.

# yum info firefox
Loaded plugins: fastestmirror
Loading mirror speeds from cached hostfile
 * base: mirror.neu.edu.cn
 * epel: mirror.neu.edu.cn
 * extras: mirror.neu.edu.cn
 * rpmforge: mirror.nl.leaseweb.net
 * updates: ftp.iitm.ac.in
Available Packages
Name       : firefox
Arch       : i386
Version    : 10.0.6
Release    : 1.el5.centos
Size       : 20 M
Repo       : updates
Summary    : Mozilla Firefox Web browser
URL        : http://www.mozilla.org/projects/firefox/
License    : MPLv1.1 or GPLv2+ or LGPLv2+
Description: Mozilla Firefox is an open-source web browser, designed for standards
           : compliance, performance and portability.

Umum maglumatlar bazasyndaky ähli paketleri sanamak üçin aşakdaky buýrugy ulanyň.

# yum list | less

Ulgamda gurnalan paketleriň hemmesini sanamak üçin aşakdaky buýrugy beriň, ähli gurlan paketleri görkezer.

# yum list installed | less

Yum, belli bir faýlyň haýsy bukja degişlidigini tapmak üçin ulanylýar. Mysal üçin, /etc/httpd/conf/httpd.conf bolan bukjanyň adyny bilmek isleseňiz.

# yum provides /etc/httpd/conf/httpd.conf
Loaded plugins: fastestmirror
httpd-2.2.3-63.el5.centos.i386 : Apache HTTP Server
Repo        : base
Matched from:
Filename    : /etc/httpd/conf/httpd.conf

httpd-2.2.3-63.el5.centos.1.i386 : Apache HTTP Server
Repo        : updates
Matched from:
Filename    : /etc/httpd/conf/httpd.conf

httpd-2.2.3-65.el5.centos.i386 : Apache HTTP Server
Repo        : updates
Matched from:
Filename    : /etc/httpd/conf/httpd.conf

httpd-2.2.3-53.el5.centos.1.i386 : Apache HTTP Server
Repo        : installed
Matched from:
Other       : Provides-match: /etc/httpd/conf/httpd.conf

Ulgamyňyzda näçe gurnalan paketiň täzelenmesiniň bardygyny bilmek üçin aşakdaky buýrugy ulanyň.

# yum check-update

Systemhli howpsuzlyk we ikilik paket täzelenmeleri bilen ulgamyňyzy täzeläp durmak üçin aşakdaky buýrugy işlediň. Ulgamyňyza iň täze ýamalary we howpsuzlyk täzelenmelerini gurar.

# yum update

Linux-da birnäçe paket belli bir topara jemlenýär. Aýry-aýry paketleri ýum bilen gurmagyň ýerine, topara degişli ähli paketleri gurjak belli bir topar gurup bilersiňiz. Mysal üçin, bar bolan toparlary sanamak üçin aşakdaky buýrugy beriň.

# yum grouplist
Installed Groups:
   Administration Tools
   DNS Name Server
   Dialup Networking Support
   Editors
   Engineering and Scientific
   FTP Server
   Graphics
   Java Development
   Legacy Network Server
Available Groups:
   Authoring and Publishing
   Base
   Beagle
   Cluster Storage
   Clustering
   Development Libraries
   Development Tools
   Eclipse
   Educational Software
   KDE (K Desktop Environment)
   KDE Software Development

Belli bir paket toparyny gurmak üçin, opsiýany groupinstall hökmünde ulanýarys. Mysal üçin, “MySQL Maglumatlar bazasyny” gurmak üçin aşakdaky buýrugy ýerine ýetiriň.

# yum groupinstall 'MySQL Database'
Dependencies Resolved

=================================================================================================
Package								Arch      Version			 Repository        Size
=================================================================================================
Updating:
 unixODBC                           i386      2.2.11-10.el5      base              290 k
Installing for dependencies:
 unixODBC-libs                      i386      2.2.11-10.el5      base              551 k

Transaction Summary
=================================================================================================
Install       1 Package(s)
Upgrade       1 Package(s)

Total size: 841 k
Is this ok [y/N]: y
Downloading Packages:
Running rpm_check_debug
Running Transaction Test
Finished Transaction Test
Transaction Test Succeeded
Running Transaction
  Installing     : unixODBC-libs	1/3
  Updating       : unixODBC         2/3
  Cleanup        : unixODBC         3/3

Dependency Installed:
  unixODBC-libs.i386 0:2.2.11-10.el5

Updated:
  unixODBC.i386 0:2.2.11-10.el5

Complete!

Bar bolan gurnalan topar paketlerini täzelemek üçin aşakda görkezilişi ýaly aşakdaky buýrugy işlediň.

# yum groupupdate 'DNS Name Server'

Dependencies Resolved
================================================================================================================
 Package			Arch	        Version				Repository           Size
================================================================================================================
Updating:
 bind                           i386            30:9.3.6-20.P1.el5_8.2          updates              981 k
 bind-chroot                    i386            30:9.3.6-20.P1.el5_8.2          updates              47 k
Updating for dependencies:
 bind-libs                      i386            30:9.3.6-20.P1.el5_8.2          updates              864 k
 bind-utils                     i386            30:9.3.6-20.P1.el5_8.2          updates              174 k

Transaction Summary
================================================================================================================
Install       0 Package(s)
Upgrade       4 Package(s)

Total size: 2.0 M
Is this ok [y/N]: y
Downloading Packages:
Running rpm_check_debug
Running Transaction Test
Finished Transaction Test
Transaction Test Succeeded
Running Transaction
  Updating       : bind-libs            1/8
  Updating       : bind                 2/8
  Updating       : bind-chroot          3/8
  Updating       : bind-utils           4/8
  Cleanup        : bind                 5/8
  Cleanup        : bind-chroot          6/8
  Cleanup        : bind-utils           7/8
  Cleanup        : bind-libs            8/8

Updated:
  bind.i386 30:9.3.6-20.P1.el5_8.2                  bind-chroot.i386 30:9.3.6-20.P1.el5_8.2

Dependency Updated:
  bind-libs.i386 30:9.3.6-20.P1.el5_8.2             bind-utils.i386 30:9.3.6-20.P1.el5_8.2

Complete!

Bar bolan gurnalan topary ulgamdan aýyrmak ýa-da aýyrmak üçin aşakdaky buýrugy ulanyň.

# yum groupremove 'DNS Name Server'

Dependencies Resolved

===========================================================================================================
 Package                Arch              Version                         Repository          Size
===========================================================================================================
Removing:
 bind                   i386              30:9.3.6-20.P1.el5_8.2          installed           2.1 M
 bind-chroot            i386              30:9.3.6-20.P1.el5_8.2          installed           0.0

Transaction Summary
===========================================================================================================
Remove        2 Package(s)
Reinstall     0 Package(s)
Downgrade     0 Package(s)

Is this ok [y/N]: y
Downloading Packages:
Running rpm_check_debug
Running Transaction Test
Finished Transaction Test
Transaction Test Succeeded
Running Transaction
  Erasing        : bind                                                   1/2
warning: /etc/sysconfig/named saved as /etc/sysconfig/named.rpmsave
  Erasing        : bind-chroot                                            2/2

Removed:
  bind.i386 30:9.3.6-20.P1.el5_8.2                                        bind-chroot.i386 30:9.3.6-20.P1.el5_8.2

Complete!

Ulgamyňyzdaky ähli “Yum” ammarlaryny sanamak üçin aşakdaky opsiýany ulanyň.

# yum repolist

repo id                     repo name                                            status
base                        CentOS-5 - Base                                      enabled:  2,725
epel                        Extra Packages for Enterprise Linux 5 - i386         enabled:  5,783
extras                      CentOS-5 - Extras                                    enabled:    282
mod-pagespeed               mod-pagespeed                                        enabled:      1
rpmforge                    RHEL 5 - RPMforge.net - dag                          enabled: 11,290
updates                     CentOS-5 - Updates                                   enabled:    743
repolist: 20,824

Aşakdaky buýruk ulgamdaky ähli açyk we ýapyk ýum ammarlaryny görkezer.

# yum repolist all

repo id                     repo name                                            status
C5.0-base                   CentOS-5.0 - Base                                    disabled
C5.0-centosplus             CentOS-5.0 - Plus                                    disabled
C5.0-extras                 CentOS-5.0 - Extras                                  disabled
base                        CentOS-5 - Base                                      enabled:  2,725
epel                        Extra Packages for Enterprise Linux 5 - i386         enabled:  5,783
extras                      CentOS-5 - Extras                                    enabled:    282
repolist: 20,824

Belli bir açyk ýa-da ýapyk ammardan belli bir bukjany gurmak üçin, ýum buýrugyňyzda --enablerepo opsiýasyny ulanmaly. Mysal üçin, PhpMyAdmin paketini gurmak üçin buýrugy ýerine ýetiriň.

# yum --enablerepo=epel install phpmyadmin

Dependencies Resolved
=============================================================================================
 Package                Arch           Version            Repository           Size
=============================================================================================
Installing:
 phpMyAdmin             noarch         3.5.1-1.el6        epel                 4.2 M

Transaction Summary
=============================================================================================
Install       1 Package(s)

Total download size: 4.2 M
Installed size: 17 M
Is this ok [y/N]: y
Downloading Packages:
phpMyAdmin-3.5.1-1.el6.noarch.rpm                       | 4.2 MB     00:25
Running rpm_check_debug
Running Transaction Test
Transaction Test Succeeded
Running Transaction
  Installing : phpMyAdmin-3.5.1-1.el6.noarch             1/1
  Verifying  : phpMyAdmin-3.5.1-1.el6.noarch             1/1

Installed:
  phpMyAdmin.noarch 0:3.5.1-1.el6

Complete!

“Yum” kömekçi programmasy, birnäçe buýrugy ýerine ýetirip boljak ýörite gabygy üpjün edýär.

# yum shell
Loaded plugins: fastestmirror
Setting up Yum Shell
> update httpd
Loading mirror speeds from cached hostfile
 * base: mirrors.sin3.sg.voxel.net
 * epel: ftp.riken.jp
 * extras: mirrors.sin3.sg.voxel.net
 * updates: mirrors.sin3.sg.voxel.net
Setting up Update Process
>

Düzgüne görä, ammar açyk bukjanyň ähli maglumatlaryny/var/cache/yum/-da her kiçi bukjada saklaýar, ähli keş keşlerini açyk ammardan arassalamak üçin, ähli keşi arassalamak we ýasamak üçin aşakdaky buýrugy yzygiderli işlemeli. gereksiz ýeriň ulanylýandygyna göz ýetiriň. Aşakdaky buýrugyň netijesini bermek islemeýäris, sebäbi keş görnüşindäki maglumatlary bolşy ýaly saklamagy halaýarys.

# yum clean all

Yum buýrugynyň geçen ähli amallaryny görmek üçin aşakdaky buýrugy ulanyň.

# yum history

Loaded plugins: fastestmirror
ID     | Login user               | Date and time    | Action(s)      | Altered
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
    10 | root               | 2012-08-11 15:19 | Install        |    3
     9 | root               | 2012-08-11 15:11 | Install        |    1
     8 | root               | 2012-08-11 15:10 | Erase          |    1 EE
     7 | root               | 2012-08-10 17:44 | Install        |    1
     6 | root               | 2012-08-10 12:19 | Install        |    2
     5 | root               | 2012-08-10 12:14 | Install        |    3
     4 | root               | 2012-08-10 12:12 | I, U           |   13 E<
     3 | root               | 2012-08-09 13:01 | Install        |    1 >
     2 | root               | 2012-08-08 20:13 | I, U           |  292 EE
     1 | System            | 2012-08-08 17:15 | Install        |  560
history list

Yum buýruklaryny öz mysallary bilen öňe sürmek üçin ähli esasy zatlary ýapmaga synanyşdyk. Yum buýruklary bilen baglanyşykly bir zat sypdyran bolmagy mümkin. Teswirler gutusy arkaly bizi täzeläň. Şeýlelik bilen, alnan seslenmelere esaslanyp şol bir täzelenmegi dowam etdirýäris.