Linux-daky ähli açyk portlaryň sanawyny nädip tapmaly

Bu makalada, kompýuter ulgamyndaky portlar barada gysgaça gürleşeris we Linux-daky ähli açyk portlary nädip sanap boljakdygyňyza geçeris.

Kompýuter ulgamynda we has anyk programma üpjünçiligi nukdaýnazaryndan port, Linux operasiýa ulgamynda berlen programmany ýa-da prosesi kesgitlemek üçin aragatnaşyk nokady hökmünde hereket edýän logiki birlikdir. Bu 16 bitli san (0-dan 65535), ahyrky ulgamlarda bir programmany beýlekisinden tapawutlandyrýar.

Iň meşhur internet transport protokoly, Geçiriş Dolandyryş Protokoly (TCP) we Ulanyjy Maglumat Protokoly (UDP) we beýleki belli bolmadyk protokollar aragatnaşyk sessiýalary üçin port belgilerini ulanýarlar (çeşme we barjak port belgileri çeşme we barjak IP adresleri bilen bilelikde).

Mundan başga-da, IP adresi, port we protokol TCP/UDP ýaly birleşme rozetka hökmünde bellidir we her hyzmatyň özboluşly rozetkasy bolmaly.

Aşakda portlaryň dürli kategoriýalary bar:

0-1023 - Ulgam portlary diýlip hem tanalýan meşhur portlar.
1024-49151 - Ulanyjy portlary diýlip hem bellige alnan portlar.
49152-65535 - Dinamiki portlar, hususy portlar hem diýilýär.

Pişik buýrugyny ulanyp Linux-da /etc/services faýlynda dürli programmalaryň we port/protokol kombinasiýasynyň sanawyny görüp bilersiňiz:

$ cat /etc/services 
OR
$ cat /etc/services | less

# /etc/services:
# $Id: services,v 1.48 2009/11/11 14:32:31 ovasik Exp $
#
# Network services, Internet style
# IANA services version: last updated 2009-11-10
#
# Note that it is presently the policy of IANA to assign a single well-known
# port number for both TCP and UDP; hence, most entries here have two entries
# even if the protocol doesn't support UDP operations.
# Updated from RFC 1700, ``Assigned Numbers'' (October 1994).  Not all ports
# are included, only the more common ones.
#
# The latest IANA port assignments can be gotten from
#       http://www.iana.org/assignments/port-numbers
# The Well Known Ports are those from 0 through 1023.
# The Registered Ports are those from 1024 through 49151
# The Dynamic and/or Private Ports are those from 49152 through 65535
#
# Each line describes one service, and is of the form:
#
# service-name  port/protocol  [aliases ...]   [# comment]

tcpmux          1/tcp                           # TCP port service multiplexer
tcpmux          1/udp                           # TCP port service multiplexer
rje             5/tcp                           # Remote Job Entry
rje             5/udp                           # Remote Job Entry
echo            7/tcp
echo            7/udp
discard         9/tcp           sink null
discard         9/udp           sink null
systat          11/tcp          users
systat          11/udp          users
daytime         13/tcp
daytime         13/udp
qotd            17/tcp          quote
qotd            17/udp          quote
msp             18/tcp                          # message send protocol
msp             18/udp                          # message send protocol
chargen         19/tcp          ttytst source
chargen         19/udp          ttytst source
ftp-data        20/tcp
ftp-data        20/udp
# 21 is registered to ftp, but also used by fsp
ftp             21/tcp
ftp             21/udp          fsp fspd
ssh             22/tcp                          # The Secure Shell (SSH) Protocol
ssh             22/udp                          # The Secure Shell (SSH) Protocol
telnet          23/tcp
telnet          23/udp

Linux-da TCP we UDP ýaly ähli açyk portlary ýa-da häzirki işleýän portlary sanamak üçin netstat ulanarys, tor birikmelerine we statistika gözegçilik etmek üçin güýçli gural.

$ netstat -lntu

Proto Recv-Q Send-Q Local Address               Foreign Address             State      
tcp        0      0 0.0.0.0:22                  0.0.0.0:*                   LISTEN      
tcp        0      0 0.0.0.0:3306                0.0.0.0:*                   LISTEN      
tcp        0      0 0.0.0.0:25                  0.0.0.0:*                   LISTEN      
tcp        0      0 :::22                       :::*                        LISTEN      
tcp        0      0 :::80                       :::*                        LISTEN      
tcp        0      0 :::25                       :::*                        LISTEN      
udp        0      0 0.0.0.0:68                  0.0.0.0:*

Nirede,

-l - diňe diňleýän rozetkalary çap edýär
-n - port belgisini görkezýär
-t - tcp portlarynyň sanawyny açýar
-u - udp portlarynyň sanawyny açýar

Linux ulgamynda rozetkalary barlamak üçin belli peýdaly peýdaly ss buýrugyny hem ulanyp bilersiňiz. Openhli açyk TCP we UCP portlaryňyzy sanamak üçin aşakdaky buýrugy işlediň:

$ ss -lntu

Netid State      Recv-Q Send-Q               Local Address:Port       Peer Address:Port 
udp   UNCONN     0      0                    *:68                     *:*     
tcp   LISTEN     0      128                  :::22                    :::*     
tcp   LISTEN     0      128                  *:22                     *:*     
tcp   LISTEN     0      50                   *:3306                   *:*     
tcp   LISTEN     0      128                  :::80                    ::*     
tcp   LISTEN     0      100                  :::25                    :::*     
tcp   LISTEN     0      100                  *:25

Has giňişleýin maglumat üçin ýokardaky buýruklaryň adam sahypalaryny okamagy maksat ediniň.

Gysgaça aýtsak, kompýuter ulgamyndaky portlar düşünjesine düşünmek ulgam we tor dolandyryjylary üçin örän möhümdir. Şeýle hem ýönekeý, takyk we gowy düşündirilen mysallar bilen bu netstat gollanmasyndan geçip bilersiňiz.

Iň soňkusy, Linux-da açyk portlary sanamagyň ýa-da aşakdaky jogap formasy arkaly sorag bermegiň beýleki usullaryny paýlaşyp, biziň bilen habarlaşyň.