Netijeli faýl nawigasiýasy üçin näme üçin has çaltdygyny öwreniň

Has köp, faýlyň mazmunyny konsolda görkezmek üçin ulanylýan * nix buýruk setiri. Has köp buýrugyň esasy ulanylyşy, buýrugy aşakda görkezilişi ýaly bir faýla garşy işletmekdir:

Linux has köp buýrugyny öwreniň

# more /var/log/auth.log

Apr 12 11:50:01 tecmint CRON[6932]: pam_unix(cron:session): session opened for user root by (uid=0)
Apr 12 11:50:01 tecmint CRON[6932]: pam_unix(cron:session): session closed for user root
Apr 12 11:55:01 tecmint CRON[7159]: pam_unix(cron:session): session opened for user root by (uid=0)
Apr 12 11:55:01 tecmint CRON[7160]: pam_unix(cron:session): session opened for user root by (uid=0)
Apr 12 11:55:01 tecmint CRON[7160]: pam_unix(cron:session): session closed for user root
Apr 12 11:55:02 tecmint CRON[7159]: pam_unix(cron:session): session closed for user root
Apr 12 12:00:01 tecmint CRON[7290]: pam_unix(cron:session): session opened for user root by (uid=0)
Apr 12 12:00:01 tecmint CRON[7290]: pam_unix(cron:session): session closed for user root
Apr 12 12:05:01 tecmint CRON[7435]: pam_unix(cron:session): session opened for user root by (uid=0)
Apr 12 12:05:01 tecmint CRON[7436]: pam_unix(cron:session): session opened for user root by (uid=0)
Apr 12 12:05:01 tecmint CRON[7436]: pam_unix(cron:session): session closed for user root
Apr 12 12:05:02 tecmint CRON[7435]: pam_unix(cron:session): session closed for user root
Apr 12 12:09:01 tecmint CRON[7542]: pam_unix(cron:session): session opened for user root by (uid=0)
Apr 12 12:09:01 tecmint CRON[7542]: pam_unix(cron:session): session closed for user root
Apr 12 12:10:01 tecmint CRON[7577]: pam_unix(cron:session): session opened for user root by (uid=0)
Apr 12 12:10:01 tecmint CRON[7577]: pam_unix(cron:session): session closed for user root
Apr 12 12:15:01 tecmint CRON[7699]: pam_unix(cron:session): session opened for user root by (uid=0)
Apr 12 12:15:01 tecmint CRON[7700]: pam_unix(cron:session): session opened for user root by (uid=0)
Apr 12 12:15:01 tecmint CRON[7700]: pam_unix(cron:session): session closed for user root
Apr 12 12:15:01 tecmint CRON[7699]: pam_unix(cron:session): session closed for user root
....

Aşakdaky mysalda görkezilişi ýaly, pişik buýrugy ýaly beýleki buýruklar bilen bilelikde (turba) has köp buýrugy ulanmagyň başga bir usuly:

# cat /var/log/auth.log | more

Faýl setirinden çyzyk bilen geçmek üçin Enter düwmesini basyň ýa-da bir sahypany bir gezekde gezmek üçin Spacebar düwmesini basyň, sahypa häzirki terminal ekranyň ululygydyr. Buýrukdan çykmak üçin diňe q düwmesini basyň.

Has köp buýrugyň peýdaly warianty, sahypanyň içinde bolmaly setir sanyny kesgitlemäge mümkinçilik berýän -number wyklýuçatelidir. Mysal hökmünde auth.log faýlyny 10 setirleriniň sahypasy hökmünde görkeziň:

# more -10 /var/log/auth.log

Şeýle hem, aşakda görkezilişi ýaly + number opsiýasyny ulanyp, belli bir setir belgisinden başlap sahypany görkezip bilersiňiz:

# more +14 /var/log/auth.log

Apr 12 12:09:01 tecmint CRON[7542]: pam_unix(cron:session): session closed for user root
Apr 12 12:10:01 tecmint CRON[7577]: pam_unix(cron:session): session opened for user root by (
uid=0)
Apr 12 12:10:01 tecmint CRON[7577]: pam_unix(cron:session): session closed for user root
Apr 12 12:15:01 tecmint CRON[7699]: pam_unix(cron:session): session opened for user root by (
uid=0)
Apr 12 12:15:01 tecmint CRON[7700]: pam_unix(cron:session): session opened for user root by (
uid=0)
Apr 12 12:15:01 tecmint CRON[7700]: pam_unix(cron:session): session closed for user root
Apr 12 12:15:01 tecmint CRON[7699]: pam_unix(cron:session): session closed for user root
Apr 12 12:16:01 tecmint mate-screensaver-dialog: gkr-pam: unlocked login keyring
Apr 12 12:17:01 tecmint CRON[7793]: pam_unix(cron:session): session opened for user root by (
uid=0)
Apr 12 12:17:01 tecmint CRON[7793]: pam_unix(cron:session): session closed for user root
Apr 12 12:20:01 tecmint CRON[7905]: pam_unix(cron:session): session opened for user root by (
uid=0)
Apr 12 12:20:01 tecmint CRON[7905]: pam_unix(cron:session): session closed for user root
Apr 12 12:25:01 tecmint CRON[8107]: pam_unix(cron:session): session opened for user root by (
uid=0)
Apr 12 12:25:01 tecmint CRON[8108]: pam_unix(cron:session): session opened for user root by (

Linux az buýrugyny öwreniň

Köp zatlara meňzeş, az buýruk faýlyň mazmunyny görmäge we faýlda gezmäge mümkinçilik berýär. Köp we az arasyndaky esasy tapawut, az buýrugyň has çalt bolmagydyr, sebäbi birbada tutuş faýly ýüklemeýär we sahypa ýokary/aşak düwmelerini ulanyp faýl nawigasiýa mümkinçilik berýär.

In, bir faýlyň garşysyna berlen özbaşdak buýruk hökmünde ulanylyp bilner ýa-da netijeleriň üstünden aýlanmaga mümkinçilik berýän ekran çykaryşyny daraltmak üçin köp sanly Linux buýruklary bilen turbalar bilen ulanylyp bilner.

# less /var/log/auth.log
# ls /etc | less

Faýl setirinden Enter düwmesine basyp gezip bilersiňiz. Sahypa nawigasiýasyny spaceba r düwmesi bilen dolandyryp bolýar. Sahypanyň ululygy häzirki terminal ekranyň ululygy bilen görkezilýär. Buýrukdan çykmak üçin has köp buýruk bilen bolşy ýaly q düwmesini ýazyň.

Az buýrugyň peýdaly aýratynlygy/sözden-seach opsiýasyny ulanmakdyr. Mysal üçin, /sshd setirini interaktiw görkezip, gündelik faýldan ähli sshd habarlaryny gözläp we deňeşdirip bilersiňiz.

Belli bir setir belgisine seredýän faýly görkezmek üçin aşakdaky sintaksis ulanyň:

# less +5 /var/log/auth.log

Az setir bilen her setiriň sanyny yzarlamak zerur bolsa, -N opsiýasyny ulanyň.

# less -N /var/log/daemon.log

      1 Apr 12 11:50:01 tecmint CRON[6932]: pam_unix(cron:session): session opened for user root by (uid=0)
      2 Apr 12 11:50:01 tecmint CRON[6932]: pam_unix(cron:session): session closed for user root
      3 Apr 12 11:55:01 tecmint CRON[7159]: pam_unix(cron:session): session opened for user root by (uid=0)
      4 Apr 12 11:55:01 tecmint CRON[7160]: pam_unix(cron:session): session opened for user root by (uid=0)
      5 Apr 12 11:55:01 tecmint CRON[7160]: pam_unix(cron:session): session closed for user root
      6 Apr 12 11:55:02 tecmint CRON[7159]: pam_unix(cron:session): session closed for user root
      7 Apr 12 12:00:01 tecmint CRON[7290]: pam_unix(cron:session): session opened for user root by (uid=0)
      8 Apr 12 12:00:01 tecmint CRON[7290]: pam_unix(cron:session): session closed for user root
      9 Apr 12 12:05:01 tecmint CRON[7435]: pam_unix(cron:session): session opened for user root by (uid=0)
     10 Apr 12 12:05:01 tecmint CRON[7436]: pam_unix(cron:session): session opened for user root by (uid=0)
     11 Apr 12 12:05:01 tecmint CRON[7436]: pam_unix(cron:session): session closed for user root

Adaty tertipde az buýrukdan çykmagyň ýeke-täk usuly q düwmesine basmakdyr. Bu häsiýeti üýtgetmek we faýlyň soňuna ýeteniňizde faýldan awtomatiki çykmak üçin -e ýa-da -E opsiýasyny ulanyň:

# less -e /var/log/auth.log
# less -E /var/log/auth.log

Bir nagyş ilkinji gezek ýüze çykanda faýl açmak üçin aşakdaky sintaksis ulanyň:

# less +/sshd /var/log/auth.log

Apr 12 16:19:39 tecmint sshd[16666]: Accepted password for tecmint from 192.168.0.15 port 41634 ssh2
Apr 12 16:19:39 tecmint sshd[16666]: pam_unix(sshd:session): session opened for user tecmint by (uid=0)
Apr 12 16:19:39 tecmint systemd-logind[954]: New session 1 of user tecmint.
Apr 12 16:19:48 tecmint sshd[16728]: Received disconnect from 192.168.0.15: 11: disconnected by user
Apr 12 16:19:48 tecmint sshd[16666]: pam_unix(sshd:session): session closed for user tecmint
Apr 12 16:20:01 tecmint CRON[16799]: pam_unix(cron:session): session opened for user root by (uid=0)
Apr 12 16:20:02 tecmint CRON[16799]: pam_unix(cron:session): session closed for user root
Apr 12 16:25:01 tecmint CRON[17026]: pam_unix(cron:session): session opened for user root by (uid=0)
Apr 12 16:25:01 tecmint CRON[17025]: pam_unix(cron:session): session opened for user root by (uid=0)

Aboveokardaky buýruk, sshd setiriniň birinji oýnunda auth.log faýly açmagy az aýdýar.

Az buýrukda açylan faýlyň mazmunyny awtomatiki goşmak üçin Shift + f düwmeleriniň kombinasiýasyny ulanyň ýa-da aşakdaky sintaksis bilen az işlediň.

# less +F /var/log/syslog

Bu, interaktiw re modeimde (göni) işlemäge we täze maglumatlaryň ýazylmagyna garaşýan mahaly täze mazmuny görkezmäge mümkinçilik berýär. Bu özüňi alyp barmak guýruk -f buýrugyna meňzeýär.

Bir nagyş bilen utgaşyp, açar söz bilen gabat gelende Shift + f düwmesi bilen interaktiw syn edip bilersiňiz. Göni re modeimden çykmak üçin diňe Ctrl + c düwmelerini basyň.

# less +/CRON /var/log/syslog

Şahsy saýlawyňyz bolan köp ýa-da az ulanmak kararyna gelseňiz, az aýratynlyklaryň köpdügini ýadyňyzdan çykarmaň.