Linux-da üýtgetme senesi we wagty esasynda faýllary nädip tapmaly we tertipleşdirmeli
Adatça, ulgamymyzda faýl görnüşinde köp maglumatlary tygşytlamagy endik edýäris. Käbirleri, gizlin faýllar, käbirleri düşünmek aňsatlygy üçin döredilen aýratyn bukjada saklanýar, käbirleri bolsa bolşy ýaly. Emma, bu zatlaryň hemmesi kataloglarymyzy doldurýar; köplenç iş stoly, bulaşyklyga meňzeýär. Emma, bu ägirt uly ýygyndyda belli bir senede we wagtda üýtgedilen belli bir faýly gözlemeli bolanymyzda mesele ýüze çykýar.
GUI-leri bilen rahat adamlar, isleýän zadymyzy anyklamagy aňsatlaşdyrýan faýllary uzyn sanaw formatda görkezýän Faýl dolandyryjysy arkaly tapyp bilerler, ýöne gara ekranlara endik eden ulanyjylar, hatda GUI-lerden mahrum bolan serwerlerde işleýänler hem tapyp bilerler. gözlegini ýeňilleşdirip biljek ýönekeý buýruk ýa-da buýruklar toplumyny isleýäris.
Linux-yň hakyky gözelligi bu ýerde görkezýär, sebäbi Linux-da aýratyn ýa-da bilelikde ulanylsa bir faýl gözlemäge ýa-da adyna, üýtgedilen senesine, döredilen wagtyna ýa-da başga birine görä faýllar ýygyndysyny tertipleşdirip bilýän buýruklar ýygyndysy bar. netijäňizi almak üçin ýüz tutup bilersiňiz.
Bu ýerde, bir faýly ýa-da hatda faýllaryň sanawyny Sene we Wagt boýunça tertipleşdirmäge kömek edip biljek buýruklar toplumyny gözden geçirip, Linux-yň hakyky güýjüni açarys.
Linux-da faýllary tertiplemek üçin Linux kömekçi enjamlary
Sene we Wagt esasynda katalogy tertiplemek üçin ýeterlik bolan käbir Linux buýruk setiri:
ls - Katalogyň mazmunyny görkezmek, bu kömekçi faýllary we kataloglary sanap biler we hatda olar hakda ähli ýagdaý maglumatlaryny hem sanap biler: üýtgetmegiň ýa-da girmegiň wagty, rugsatlary, ululygy, eýesi, topary we ş.m.
Linux ls buýrugy we sortlamak buýrugy barada eýýäm köp makalany açdyk, aşakda tapyp bilersiňiz:
- 15 esasy mysal bilen ls buýrugyny öwreniň
- Mysallar bilen 7 Advance ls buýruklaryny öwreniň
- 15 Linux-da ls buýrugy boýunça peýdaly söhbetdeşlik soraglary
sort - Bu buýruk islendik gözlegiň netijesini diňe islendik meýdan ýa-da meýdanyň haýsydyr bir sütüni boýunça tertiplemek üçin ulanylyp bilner.
Linux sort buýrugy boýunça eýýäm iki makalany açdyk, aşakda tapyp bilersiňiz:
- 14 Linux “sort” buýruk mysallary - 1-nji bölüm
- 7 Peýdaly Linux buýruk mysallary - 2-nji bölüm
Gara buýruklarda işleýän bolsaňyz we isleýän zadyňyzy almak üçin köp faýl bilen iş salyşmaly bolsaňyz, bu buýruklaryň özleri gaty güýçli buýruklardyr.
Sene we wagt ulanyp faýllary tertipleşdirmegiň käbir usullary
Aşakda Sene we Wagt boýunça tertiplemek üçin buýruklaryň sanawy görkezilýär.
Aşakdaky buýruk uzyn sanaw görnüşindäki faýllary sanawlaýar we üýtgetme wagtyna görä faýllary tertipleşdirýär, iň täze. Ters tertipde tertiplemek üçin bu buýruk bilen -r wyklýuçatelini ulanyň.
# ls -lt total 673768 -rwxr----- 1 tecmint tecmint 3312130 Jan 19 15:24 When You Are Gone.MP3 -rwxr----- 1 tecmint tecmint 4177212 Jan 19 15:24 When I Dream At Night - Marc Anthony-1.mp3 -rwxr----- 1 tecmint tecmint 4177212 Jan 19 15:24 When I Dream At Night - Marc Anthony.mp3 -rwxr----- 1 tecmint tecmint 6629090 Jan 19 15:24 Westlife_Tonight.MP3 -rwxr----- 1 tecmint tecmint 3448832 Jan 19 15:24 We Are The World by USA For Africa (Michael Jackson).mp3 -rwxr----- 1 tecmint tecmint 8580934 Jan 19 15:24 This Love.mp3 -rwxr----- 1 tecmint tecmint 2194832 Jan 19 15:24 The Cross Of Changes.mp3 -rwxr----- 1 tecmint tecmint 5087527 Jan 19 15:24 T.N.T. For The Brain 5.18.mp3 -rwxr----- 1 tecmint tecmint 3437100 Jan 19 15:24 Summer Of '69.MP3 -rwxr----- 1 tecmint tecmint 4360278 Jan 19 15:24 Smell Of Desire.4.32.mp3 -rwxr----- 1 tecmint tecmint 4582632 Jan 19 15:24 Silence Must Be Heard 4.46.mp3 -rwxr----- 1 tecmint tecmint 4147119 Jan 19 15:24 Shadows In Silence 4.19.mp3 -rwxr----- 1 tecmint tecmint 4189654 Jan 19 15:24 Sarah Brightman & Enigma - Eden (remix).mp3 -rwxr----- 1 tecmint tecmint 4124421 Jan 19 15:24 Sade - Smooth Operator.mp3 -rwxr----- 1 tecmint tecmint 4771840 Jan 19 15:24 Sade - And I Miss You.mp3 -rwxr----- 1 tecmint tecmint 3749477 Jan 19 15:24 Run To You.MP3 -rwxr----- 1 tecmint tecmint 7573679 Jan 19 15:24 Roger Sanchez_Another Chance_Full_Mix.mp3 -rwxr----- 1 tecmint tecmint 3018211 Jan 19 15:24 Principal Of Lust.3.08.mp3 -rwxr----- 1 tecmint tecmint 5688390 Jan 19 15:24 Please Forgive Me.MP3 -rwxr----- 1 tecmint tecmint 3381827 Jan 19 15:24 Obvious.mp3 -rwxr----- 1 tecmint tecmint 5499073 Jan 19 15:24 Namstey-London-Viraaniya.mp3 -rwxr----- 1 tecmint tecmint 3129210 Jan 19 15:24 MOS-Enya - Only Time (Pop Radio mix).m
Iň soňky giriş wagtyna esaslanýan katalogdaky faýllaryň sanawy, ýagny faýlyň soňky gezek giren wagtyna görä üýtgedilmedi.
# ls -ltu total 3084272 drwxr-xr-x 2 tecmint tecmint 4096 Jan 19 15:24 Music drwxr-xr-x 2 tecmint tecmint 4096 Jan 19 15:22 Linux-ISO drwxr-xr-x 2 tecmint tecmint 4096 Jan 19 15:22 Music-Player drwx------ 3 tecmint tecmint 4096 Jan 19 15:22 tor-browser_en-US drwxr-xr-x 2 tecmint tecmint 4096 Jan 19 15:22 bin drwxr-xr-x 11 tecmint tecmint 4096 Jan 19 15:22 Android Games drwxr-xr-x 2 tecmint tecmint 4096 Jan 19 15:22 Songs drwxr-xr-x 2 tecmint tecmint 4096 Jan 19 15:22 renamefiles drwxr-xr-x 2 tecmint tecmint 4096 Jan 19 15:22 katoolin-master drwxr-xr-x 2 tecmint tecmint 4096 Jan 19 15:22 Tricks drwxr-xr-x 3 tecmint tecmint 4096 Jan 19 15:22 Linux-Tricks drwxr-xr-x 6 tecmint tecmint 4096 Jan 19 15:22 tuptime drwxr-xr-x 4 tecmint tecmint 4096 Jan 19 15:22 xdm drwxr-xr-x 2 tecmint tecmint 20480 Jan 19 15:22 ffmpeg usage drwxr-xr-x 2 tecmint tecmint 4096 Jan 19 15:22 xdm-helper
Faýlyň ýagdaýy baradaky maglumatlaryň soňky üýtgedilen wagtyna ýa-da ctime esasynda katalogdaky faýllaryň sanawy. Bu buýruk ilki bilen haýsydyr bir status maglumatlary: eýesi, topary, rugsatlary, ululygy we ş.m. üýtgedilen faýly görkezer.
# ls -ltc total 3084272 drwxr-xr-x 2 tecmint tecmint 4096 Jan 19 15:24 Music drwxr-xr-x 2 tecmint tecmint 4096 Jan 19 13:05 img -rw------- 1 tecmint tecmint 262191 Jan 19 12:15 tecmint.jpeg drwxr-xr-x 5 tecmint tecmint 4096 Jan 19 10:57 Desktop drwxr-xr-x 7 tecmint tecmint 12288 Jan 18 16:00 Downloads drwxr-xr-x 13 tecmint tecmint 4096 Jan 18 15:36 VirtualBox VMs -rwxr-xr-x 1 tecmint tecmint 691 Jan 13 14:57 special.sh -rw-r--r-- 1 tecmint tecmint 654325 Jan 4 16:55 powertop-2.7.tar.gz.save -rw-r--r-- 1 tecmint tecmint 654329 Jan 4 11:17 filename.tar.gz drwxr-xr-x 3 tecmint tecmint 4096 Jan 4 11:04 powertop-2.7 -rw-r--r-- 1 tecmint tecmint 447795 Dec 31 14:22 Happy-New-Year-2016.jpg -rw-r--r-- 1 tecmint tecmint 12 Dec 18 18:46 ravi -rw-r--r-- 1 tecmint tecmint 1823 Dec 16 12:45 setuid.txt ...
-a wyklýuçatel ýokardaky buýruklar bilen ulanylsa, hatda häzirki bukjadaky gizlin faýllary hem tertipläp we tertipläp biler, we -r wyklýuçatel çykyşy ters tertipde görkezýär.
Has çuňňur tertipleşdirmek üçin, “Output of find” buýrugyny tertiplemek ýaly, ls hem ulanylyp bilner, ýöne ol ýerde sort has peýdaly bolýar, sebäbi çykyşyň diňe faýly ýok bolmagy mümkin ady, ýöne ulanyjy tarapyndan islenýän islendik meýdan.
Aşakdaky buýruklar Sene we Wagt esasynda faýllaryň sanawyny tertiplemek üçin sort find buýrugy bilen ulanylyşyny görkezýär.
Tapmak buýrugy barada has giňişleýin maglumat üçin şu baglanyşyga eýeriň: Linux-da “tapmak” buýrugynyň amaly mysallary
Bu ýerde kök ('/') katalogyndaky ähli faýllary tapmak üçin find buýrugyny ulanýarys we netijäni şeýle çap edýäris: Faýlyň giren aýy we soňra faýl ady. Şol doly netijeden, iň gowy 11 ýazgyny sanap geçýäris.
# find / -type f -printf "\n%Ab %p" | head -n 11 Dec /usr/lib/nvidia/pre-install Dec /usr/lib/libcpufreq.so.0.0.0 Apr /usr/lib/libchromeXvMCPro.so.1.0.0 Apr /usr/lib/libt1.so.5.1.2 Apr /usr/lib/libchromeXvMC.so.1.0.0 Apr /usr/lib/libcdr-0.0.so.0.0.15 Dec /usr/lib/msttcorefonts/update-ms-fonts Nov /usr/lib/ldscripts/elf32_x86_64.xr Nov /usr/lib/ldscripts/elf_i386.xbn Nov /usr/lib/ldscripts/i386linux.xn
Aşakdaky buýruk, düwmäni -k1 bilen kesgitlenen birinji meýdan hökmünde tertipleşdirýär, soň bolsa M tarapyndan görkezilişi ýaly aýda tertiplenýär.
# find / -type f -printf "\n%Ab %p" | head -n 11 | sort -k1M Apr /usr/lib/libcdr-0.0.so.0.0.15 Apr /usr/lib/libchromeXvMCPro.so.1.0.0 Apr /usr/lib/libchromeXvMC.so.1.0.0 Apr /usr/lib/libt1.so.5.1.2 Nov /usr/lib/ldscripts/elf32_x86_64.xr Nov /usr/lib/ldscripts/elf_i386.xbn Nov /usr/lib/ldscripts/i386linux.xn Dec /usr/lib/libcpufreq.so.0.0.0 Dec /usr/lib/msttcorefonts/update-ms-fonts Dec /usr/lib/nvidia/pre-install
Ynha, ýene-de kök katalogdaky ähli faýllary tapmak üçin find buýrugyny ulanýarys, ýöne indi netijäni şeýle çap ederis: faýlyň soňky senesi, soňky gezek faýl girip, soňra faýl ady. Ondan iň gowy 11 ýazgyny çykarýarys.
# find / -type f -printf "\n%AD %AT %p" | head -n 11 12/08/15 11:30:38.0000000000 /usr/lib/nvidia/pre-install 12/07/15 10:34:45.2694776230 /usr/lib/libcpufreq.so.0.0.0 04/11/15 06:08:34.9819910430 /usr/lib/libchromeXvMCPro.so.1.0.0 04/11/15 06:08:34.9939910430 /usr/lib/libt1.so.5.1.2 04/11/15 06:08:35.0099910420 /usr/lib/libchromeXvMC.so.1.0.0 04/11/15 06:08:35.0099910420 /usr/lib/libcdr-0.0.so.0.0.15 12/18/15 11:19:25.2656728990 /usr/lib/msttcorefonts/update-ms-fonts 11/12/15 12:56:34.0000000000 /usr/lib/ldscripts/elf32_x86_64.xr 11/12/15 12:56:34.0000000000 /usr/lib/ldscripts/elf_i386.xbn 11/12/15 12:56:34.0000000000 /usr/lib/ldscripts/i386linux.xn
Aşakdaky tertip buýrugy ilki bilen ýylyň soňky sanlary boýunça tertiplenýär, soňra aýyň soňky sanlary boýunça ters tertipde tertiplenýär we ahyrynda birinji meýdan boýunça tertiplenýär. Bu ýerde, 1.8 birinji meýdanyň 8-nji sütünini we öňündäki n san görnüşini aňladýar, r bolsa ters tertibi tertipleşdirmegi aňladýar.
# find / -type f -printf "\n%AD %AT %p" | head -n 11 | sort -k1.8n -k1.1nr -k1 12/07/15 10:34:45.2694776230 /usr/lib/libcpufreq.so.0.0.0 12/08/15 11:30:38.0000000000 /usr/lib/nvidia/pre-install 12/18/15 11:19:25.2656728990 /usr/lib/msttcorefonts/update-ms-fonts 11/12/15 12:56:34.0000000000 /usr/lib/ldscripts/elf32_x86_64.xr 11/12/15 12:56:34.0000000000 /usr/lib/ldscripts/elf_i386.xbn 11/12/15 12:56:34.0000000000 /usr/lib/ldscripts/i386linux.xn 04/11/15 06:08:34.9819910430 /usr/lib/libchromeXvMCPro.so.1.0.0 04/11/15 06:08:34.9939910430 /usr/lib/libt1.so.5.1.2 04/11/15 06:08:35.0099910420 /usr/lib/libcdr-0.0.so.0.0.15 04/11/15 06:08:35.0099910420 /usr/lib/libchromeXvMC.so.1.0.0
Bu ýerde, ýene-de kök katalogdaky iň gowy 11 faýly sanamak we netijäni formatda çap etmek üçin find buýrugyny ulanýarys: soňky gezek faýl girip, soňra faýl ady.
# find / -type f -printf "\n%AT %p" | head -n 11 11:30:38.0000000000 /usr/lib/nvidia/pre-install 10:34:45.2694776230 /usr/lib/libcpufreq.so.0.0.0 06:08:34.9819910430 /usr/lib/libchromeXvMCPro.so.1.0.0 06:08:34.9939910430 /usr/lib/libt1.so.5.1.2 06:08:35.0099910420 /usr/lib/libchromeXvMC.so.1.0.0 06:08:35.0099910420 /usr/lib/libcdr-0.0.so.0.0.15 11:19:25.2656728990 /usr/lib/msttcorefonts/update-ms-fonts 12:56:34.0000000000 /usr/lib/ldscripts/elf32_x86_64.xr 12:56:34.0000000000 /usr/lib/ldscripts/elf_i386.xbn 12:56:34.0000000000 /usr/lib/ldscripts/i386linux.xn
Aşakdaky buýruk, sagadyň birinji belgisi bolan çykyşyň birinji meýdanynyň birinji sütünine esaslanýar.
# find / -type f -printf "\n%AT %p" | head -n 11 | sort -k1.1n 06:08:34.9819910430 /usr/lib/libchromeXvMCPro.so.1.0.0 06:08:34.9939910430 /usr/lib/libt1.so.5.1.2 06:08:35.0099910420 /usr/lib/libcdr-0.0.so.0.0.15 06:08:35.0099910420 /usr/lib/libchromeXvMC.so.1.0.0 10:34:45.2694776230 /usr/lib/libcpufreq.so.0.0.0 11:19:25.2656728990 /usr/lib/msttcorefonts/update-ms-fonts 11:30:38.0000000000 /usr/lib/nvidia/pre-install 12:56:34.0000000000 /usr/lib/ldscripts/elf32_x86_64.xr 12:56:34.0000000000 /usr/lib/ldscripts/elf_i386.xbn 12:56:34.0000000000 /usr/lib/ldscripts/i386linux.xn
Bu buýruk, 6-njy meýdan aýy boýunça, soň bolsa san taýdan 7-nji meýdana esaslanyp, ls -l buýrugynyň çykyşyny tertipleşdirýär.
# ls -l | sort -k6M -k7n total 116 -rw-r--r-- 1 root root 0 Oct 1 19:51 backup.tgz drwxr-xr-x 2 root root 4096 Oct 7 15:27 Desktop -rw-r--r-- 1 root root 15853 Oct 7 15:19 powertop_report.csv -rw-r--r-- 1 root root 79112 Oct 7 15:25 powertop.html -rw-r--r-- 1 root root 0 Oct 16 15:26 file3 -rw-r--r-- 1 root root 13 Oct 16 15:17 B -rw-r--r-- 1 root root 21 Oct 16 15:16 A -rw-r--r-- 1 root root 64 Oct 16 15:38 C
Netije
Edil şonuň ýaly-da, tertip buýrugy barada birneme bilim alyp, islendik sanawy, hatda islän sütüniňize görä tertipläp bilersiňiz. Bular Sene ýa-da Wagt esasynda faýllary tertipleşdirmäge kömek edýän käbir hilelerdi. Bulara esaslanyp, öz hileleriňiz bolup biler. Şeýle-de bolsa, başga bir gyzykly hileňiz bar bolsa, teswirleriňizde muny hemişe ýatlap bilersiňiz.