Linux-da ulgam we enjam maglumatlary ýygnamak üçin 10 buýruk
Linux ulgamyňyzyň apparat komponentleriniň işleýändigini bilmek elmydama gowy tejribe, bu apt ulanyp ulgamyňyza paketleri, draýwerleri gurmak meselesinde ylalaşyk meselelerini çözmäge kömek edýär.
Şonuň üçin Linux ulgamyňyz we apparat komponentleri barada maglumat almaga kömek edip biljek bu peýdaly buýruklarda.
1. Linux ulgam maglumatyny nädip görmeli
Diňe ulgamyň adyny bilmek üçin ulgam maglumatyny çap etjek ýa-da uname -s buýrugy ulgamyňyzyň ýadro adyny çap etjek hiç hili wyklýuçatel bolmazdan uname buýrugyny ulanyp bilersiňiz.
[email ~ $ uname Linux
Toruňyzyň adyny görmek üçin, görkezilişi ýaly birmeňzeş buýruk bilen -n wyklýuçatelini ulanyň.
[email ~ $ uname -n linux-console.net
Ernadro wersiýasy barada maglumat almak üçin “-v” wyklýuçatelini ulanyň.
[email ~ $ uname -v #64-Ubuntu SMP Mon Sep 22 21:28:38 UTC 2014
Ernadrosyňyzyň çykarylyşy barada maglumat almak üçin -r wyklýuçatelini ulanyň.
[email ~ $ uname -r 3.13.0-37-generic
Enjamyňyzyň enjam adyny çap etmek üçin “-m” wyklýuçatelini ulanyň:
[email ~ $ uname -m x86_64
Bu maglumatlaryň hemmesini aşakda görkezilişi ýaly uname -a buýrugy bilen birbada çap edip bolýar.
[email ~ $ uname -a Linux linux-console.net 3.13.0-37-generic #64-Ubuntu SMP Mon Sep 22 21:28:38 UTC 2014 x86_64 x86_64 x86_64 GNU/Linux
2. Linux ulgamynyň enjam maglumatlary barada nädip görmeli
Bu ýerde lpw guralyny ulanyp, cpu, diskler, ýat, usb dolandyryjylary we ş.m. ýaly enjam komponentleriňiz barada giňişleýin maglumatlary ýygnamak üçin ulanyp bilersiňiz.
lshw birneme kiçi gural we maglumat alanyňyzda onuň bilen ulanyp boljak birnäçe wariant bar. Lshw tarapyndan berlen maglumatlar dürli/proc faýllaryndan ýygnaldy.
Bellik: lshw buýrugynyň superuser (kök) ýa-da sudo ulanyjy tarapyndan ýerine ýetirilendigini ýadyňyzdan çykarmaň.
Linux ulgam enjamyňyz hakda maglumat çap etmek üçin bu buýrugy işlediň.
[email ~ $ sudo lshw
linux-console.net
description: Notebook
product: 20354 (LENOVO_MT_20354_BU_idea_FM_Lenovo Z50-70)
vendor: LENOVO
version: Lenovo Z50-70
serial: 1037407803441
width: 64 bits
capabilities: smbios-2.7 dmi-2.7 vsyscall32
configuration: administrator_password=disabled boot=normal
chassis=notebook family=IDEAPAD frontpanel_password=disabled
keyboard_password=disabled power-on_password=disabled
sku=LENOVO_MT_20354_BU_idea_FM_Lenovo Z50-70
uuid=E4B1D229-D237-E411-9F6E-28D244EBBD98
*-core
description: Motherboard
product: Lancer 5A5
vendor: LENOVO
physical id: 0
version: 31900059WIN
serial: YB06377069
slot: Type2 - Board Chassis Location
*-firmware
description: BIOS
vendor: LENOVO
physical id: 0
version: 9BCN26WW
date: 07/31/2014
size: 128KiB
capacity: 4032KiB
capabilities: pci upgrade shadowing cdboot bootselect edd
int13floppytoshiba int13floppy360 int13floppy1200 int13floppy720
int13floppy2880 int9keyboard int10video acpi usb biosbootspecification uefi
......
-Sort opsiýasyny ulanyp, enjam maglumatlaryňyzyň gysgaça mazmunyny çap edip bilersiňiz.
[email ~ $ sudo lshw -short
H/W path Device Class Description
=====================================================
system 20354 (LENOVO_MT_20354_
BU_idea_FM_Lenovo Z50-70)
/0 bus Lancer 5A5
/0/0 memory 128KiB BIOS
/0/4 processor Intel(R) Core(TM) i5-4210U
CPU @ 1.70GHz
/0/4/b memory 32KiB L1 cache
/0/4/c memory 256KiB L2 cache
/0/4/d memory 3MiB L3 cache
/0/a memory 32KiB L1 cache
/0/12 memory 8GiB System Memory
/0/12/0 memory DIMM [empty]
/0/12/1 memory DIMM [empty]
/0/12/2 memory 8GiB SODIMM DDR3 Synchronous
1600 MHz (0.6 ns)
/0/12/3 memory DIMM [empty]
/0/100 bridge Haswell-ULT DRAM Controller
/0/100/2 display Haswell-ULT Integrated
Graphics Controller
/0/100/3 multimedia Haswell-ULT HD Audio Controller
...
Html faýly hökmünde çykyş etmek isleseňiz, -html opsiýasyny ulanyp bilersiňiz.
[email ~ $ sudo lshw -html > lshw.html
3. Linux CPU maglumatyny nädip görmeli
CPU hakda maglumat görmek üçin lscpu buýrugyny ulanyň, sebäbi birnäçe CPU, ýadro, CPU maşgala modeli, CPU keşleri, sapaklar we ş.m. sysfs we/proc/cpuinfo-dan CPU arhitekturasy barada maglumat görkezýär.
[email ~ $ lscpu Architecture: x86_64 CPU op-mode(s): 32-bit, 64-bit Byte Order: Little Endian CPU(s): 4 On-line CPU(s) list: 0-3 Thread(s) per core: 2 Core(s) per socket: 2 Socket(s): 1 NUMA node(s): 1 Vendor ID: GenuineIntel CPU family: 6 Model: 69 Stepping: 1 CPU MHz: 768.000 BogoMIPS: 4788.72 Virtualization: VT-x L1d cache: 32K L1i cache: 32K L2 cache: 256K L3 cache: 3072K NUMA node0 CPU(s): 0-3
4. Linux blok enjamy barada maglumatlary nädip ýygnamaly
Blok enjamlary gaty diskler, fleş diskler we ş.m. ýaly saklaýyş enjamlarydyr lsblk buýrugy blok enjamlary barada maglumatlary aşakdaky ýaly habar bermek üçin ulanylýar.
[email ~ $ lsblk NAME MAJ:MIN RM SIZE RO TYPE MOUNTPOINT sda 8:0 0 931.5G 0 disk ├─sda1 8:1 0 1000M 0 part ├─sda2 8:2 0 260M 0 part /boot/efi ├─sda3 8:3 0 1000M 0 part ├─sda4 8:4 0 128M 0 part ├─sda5 8:5 0 557.1G 0 part ├─sda6 8:6 0 25G 0 part ├─sda7 8:7 0 14.7G 0 part ├─sda8 8:8 0 1M 0 part ├─sda9 8:9 0 324.5G 0 part / └─sda10 8:10 0 7.9G 0 part [SWAP] sr0 11:0 1 1024M 0 rom
Ulgamyňyzdaky ähli blok enjamlaryny görmek isleseňiz, -a opsiýasyny goşuň.
[email ~ $ lsblk -a NAME MAJ:MIN RM SIZE RO TYPE MOUNTPOINT sda 8:0 0 931.5G 0 disk ├─sda1 8:1 0 1000M 0 part ├─sda2 8:2 0 260M 0 part /boot/efi ├─sda3 8:3 0 1000M 0 part ├─sda4 8:4 0 128M 0 part ├─sda5 8:5 0 557.1G 0 part ├─sda6 8:6 0 25G 0 part ├─sda7 8:7 0 14.7G 0 part ├─sda8 8:8 0 1M 0 part ├─sda9 8:9 0 324.5G 0 part / └─sda10 8:10 0 7.9G 0 part [SWAP] sdb 8:16 1 0 disk sr0 11:0 1 1024M 0 rom ram0 1:0 0 64M 0 disk ram1 1:1 0 64M 0 disk ram2 1:2 0 64M 0 disk ram3 1:3 0 64M 0 disk ram4 1:4 0 64M 0 disk ram5 1:5 0 64M 0 disk ram6 1:6 0 64M 0 disk ram7 1:7 0 64M 0 disk ram8 1:8 0 64M 0 disk ram9 1:9 0 64M 0 disk loop0 7:0 0 0 loop loop1 7:1 0 0 loop loop2 7:2 0 0 loop loop3 7:3 0 0 loop loop4 7:4 0 0 loop loop5 7:5 0 0 loop loop6 7:6 0 0 loop loop7 7:7 0 0 loop ram10 1:10 0 64M 0 disk ram11 1:11 0 64M 0 disk ram12 1:12 0 64M 0 disk ram13 1:13 0 64M 0 disk ram14 1:14 0 64M 0 disk ram15 1:15 0 64M 0 disk
5. USB dolandyryjylary baradaky maglumatlary nädip çap etmeli
Lsusb buýrugy USB dolandyryjylary we olara birikdirilen ähli enjamlar barada maglumat bermek üçin ulanylýar.
[email ~ $ lsusb Bus 001 Device 002: ID 8087:8000 Intel Corp. Bus 001 Device 001: ID 1d6b:0002 Linux Foundation 2.0 root hub Bus 003 Device 001: ID 1d6b:0003 Linux Foundation 3.0 root hub Bus 002 Device 005: ID 0bda:b728 Realtek Semiconductor Corp. Bus 002 Device 004: ID 5986:0249 Acer, Inc Bus 002 Device 003: ID 0bda:0129 Realtek Semiconductor Corp. RTS5129 Card Reader Controller Bus 002 Device 002: ID 045e:00cb Microsoft Corp. Basic Optical Mouse v2.0 Bus 002 Device 001: ID 1d6b:0002 Linux Foundation 2.0 root hub
Her USB enjamy barada jikme-jik maglumat döretmek üçin -v opsiýasyny ulanyp bilersiňiz.
[email ~ $ lsusb -v
6. PCI enjamlary baradaky maglumatlary nädip çap etmeli
PCI enjamlaryna usb portlary, grafiki kartlar, tor adapterleri we ş.m. girip biler. Lspci guraly ulgamyňyzdaky ähli PCI dolandyryjylary we olara birikdirilen enjamlar barada maglumat döretmek üçin ulanylýar.
PCI enjamlary barada maglumat çap etmek üçin aşakdaky buýrugy işlediň.
[email ~ $ lspci 00:00.0 Host bridge: Intel Corporation Haswell-ULT DRAM Controller (rev 0b) 00:02.0 VGA compatible controller: Intel Corporation Haswell-ULT Integrated Graphics Controller (rev 0b) 00:03.0 Audio device: Intel Corporation Haswell-ULT HD Audio Controller (rev 0b) 00:14.0 USB controller: Intel Corporation Lynx Point-LP USB xHCI HC (rev 04) 00:16.0 Communication controller: Intel Corporation Lynx Point-LP HECI #0 (rev 04) 00:1b.0 Audio device: Intel Corporation Lynx Point-LP HD Audio Controller (rev 04) 00:1c.0 PCI bridge: Intel Corporation Lynx Point-LP PCI Express Root Port 3 (rev e4) 00:1c.3 PCI bridge: Intel Corporation Lynx Point-LP PCI Express Root Port 4 (rev e4) 00:1c.4 PCI bridge: Intel Corporation Lynx Point-LP PCI Express Root Port 5 (rev e4) 00:1d.0 USB controller: Intel Corporation Lynx Point-LP USB EHCI #1 (rev 04) 00:1f.0 ISA bridge: Intel Corporation Lynx Point-LP LPC Controller (rev 04) 00:1f.2 SATA controller: Intel Corporation Lynx Point-LP SATA Controller 1 [AHCI mode] (rev 04) 00:1f.3 SMBus: Intel Corporation Lynx Point-LP SMBus Controller (rev 04) 01:00.0 Ethernet controller: Realtek Semiconductor Co., Ltd. RTL8111/8168/8411 PCI Express Gigabit Ethernet Controller (rev 10) 02:00.0 Network controller: Realtek Semiconductor Co., Ltd. RTL8723BE PCIe Wireless Network Adapter 03:00.0 3D controller: NVIDIA Corporation GM108M [GeForce 840M] (rev a2)
Agaç görnüşinde çykyş öndürmek üçin -t opsiýasyny ulanyň.
[email ~ $ lspci -t
-[0000:00]-+-00.0
+-02.0
+-03.0
+-14.0
+-16.0
+-1b.0
+-1c.0-[01]----00.0
+-1c.3-[02]----00.0
+-1c.4-[03]----00.0
+-1d.0
+-1f.0
+-1f.2
\-1f.3
Her birikdirilen enjam hakda jikme-jik maglumat öndürmek üçin -v opsiýasyny ulanyň.
[email ~ $ lspci -v 00:00.0 Host bridge: Intel Corporation Haswell-ULT DRAM Controller (rev 0b) Subsystem: Lenovo Device 3978 Flags: bus master, fast devsel, latency 0 Capabilities: 00:02.0 VGA compatible controller: Intel Corporation Haswell-ULT Integrated Graphics Controller (rev 0b) (prog-if 00 [VGA controller]) Subsystem: Lenovo Device 380d Flags: bus master, fast devsel, latency 0, IRQ 62 Memory at c3000000 (64-bit, non-prefetchable) [size=4M] Memory at d0000000 (64-bit, prefetchable) [size=256M] I/O ports at 6000 [size=64] Expansion ROM at [disabled] Capabilities: Kernel driver in use: i915 .....
7. SCSI enjamlary baradaky maglumatlary nädip çap etmeli
Schli scsi/sata enjamlaryňyzy görmek üçin lsscsi buýrugyny aşakdaky ýaly ulanyň. Eger lsscsi guralyňyz ýok bolsa, gurmak üçin aşakdaky buýrugy işlediň.
$ sudo apt-get install lsscsi [on Debian derivatives] # yum install lsscsi [On RedHat based systems] # dnf install lsscsi [On Fedora 21+ Onwards]
Gurlandan soň, görkezilişi ýaly lsscsi buýrugyny işlediň:
[email ~ $ lsscsi [0:0:0:0] disk ATA ST1000LM024 HN-M 2BA3 /dev/sda [1:0:0:0] cd/dvd PLDS DVD-RW DA8A5SH RL61 /dev/sr0 [4:0:0:0] disk Generic- xD/SD/M.S. 1.00 /dev/sdb
Enjamyň ululyklaryny görkezmek üçin -s opsiýasyny ulanyň.
[email ~ $ lsscsi -s [0:0:0:0] disk ATA ST1000LM024 HN-M 2BA3 /dev/sda 1.00TB [1:0:0:0] cd/dvd PLDS DVD-RW DA8A5SH RL61 /dev/sr0 - [4:0:0:0] disk Generic- xD/SD/M.S. 1.00 /dev/sdb -
8. SATA enjamlary barada maglumatlary nädip çap etmeli
Hdparm kömekçi programmasyny ulanyp, sata enjamlary barada käbir maglumatlary ulgamyňyzda tapyp bilersiňiz. Aşakdaky mysalda ulgamymdaky gaty disk bolan blok enjamyny/dev/sda1 ulandym.
[email ~ $ sudo hdparm /dev/sda1 /dev/sda1: multcount = 0 (off) IO_support = 1 (32-bit) readonly = 0 (off) readahead = 256 (on) geometry = 56065/255/63, sectors = 2048000, start = 2048
Silindrler, kelleler, pudaklar, ululyk we enjamyň başlangyç nokady nukdaýnazaryndan enjam geometriýasy barada maglumatlary çap etmek üçin -g opsiýasyny ulanyň.
[email ~ $ sudo hdparm -g /dev/sda1 /dev/sda1: geometry = 56065/255/63, sectors = 2048000, start = 2048
9. Linux faýl ulgamy maglumatyny nädip barlamaly
Faýl ulgamy bölümleri barada maglumat ýygnamak üçin, faýl ulgamynyň bölümlerini üýtgedip bilersiňiz, faýl ulgamyňyzdaky dürli bölümler baradaky maglumatlary görmek üçin hem ulanylyp bilner.
Bölüm maglumatyny aşakdaky ýaly çap edip bilersiňiz. Buýrugy superuser hökmünde işlemegi ýatdan çykarmaň, ýogsam hiç hili çykyş görmezligiňiz mümkin.
[email ~ $ sudo fdisk -l WARNING: GPT (GUID Partition Table) detected on '/dev/sda'! The util fdisk doesn't support GPT. Use GNU Parted. Disk /dev/sda: 1000.2 GB, 1000204886016 bytes 255 heads, 63 sectors/track, 121601 cylinders, total 1953525168 sectors Units = sectors of 1 * 512 = 512 bytes Sector size (logical/physical): 512 bytes / 4096 bytes I/O size (minimum/optimal): 4096 bytes / 4096 bytes Disk identifier: 0xcee8ad92 Device Boot Start End Blocks Id System /dev/sda1 1 1953525167 976762583+ ee GPT Partition 1 does not start on physical sector boundary.
10. Linux enjam komponentleriniň maglumatyny nädip barlamaly
Şeýle hem, DMI tablisalaryndan maglumatlary okap, apparat maglumatlary çykarmak üçin dmidecode programmasyny ulanyp bilersiňiz.
Memoryat hakda maglumat çap etmek üçin bu buýrugy superuser hökmünde işlediň.
[email ~ $ sudo dmidecode -t memory # dmidecode 2.12 # SMBIOS entry point at 0xaaebef98 SMBIOS 2.7 present. Handle 0x0005, DMI type 5, 24 bytes Memory Controller Information Error Detecting Method: None Error Correcting Capabilities: None Supported Interleave: One-way Interleave Current Interleave: One-way Interleave Maximum Memory Module Size: 8192 MB Maximum Total Memory Size: 32768 MB Supported Speeds: Other Supported Memory Types: Other Memory Module Voltage: Unknown Associated Memory Slots: 4 0x0006 0x0007 0x0008 0x0009 Enabled Error Correcting Capabilities: None ...
Ulgam hakda maglumat çap etmek üçin bu buýrugy işlediň.
[email ~ $ sudo dmidecode -t system # dmidecode 2.12 # SMBIOS entry point at 0xaaebef98 SMBIOS 2.7 present. Handle 0x0001, DMI type 1, 27 bytes System Information Manufacturer: LENOVO Product Name: 20354 Version: Lenovo Z50-70 Serial Number: 1037407803441 UUID: 29D2B1E4-37D2-11E4-9F6E-28D244EBBD98 Wake-up Type: Power Switch SKU Number: LENOVO_MT_20354_BU_idea_FM_Lenovo Z50-70 Family: IDEAPAD ...
BIOS hakda maglumat çap etmek üçin bu buýrugy işlediň.
[email ~ $ sudo dmidecode -t bios # dmidecode 2.12 # SMBIOS entry point at 0xaaebef98 SMBIOS 2.7 present. Handle 0x0000, DMI type 0, 24 bytes BIOS Information Vendor: LENOVO Version: 9BCN26WW Release Date: 07/31/2014 Address: 0xE0000 Runtime Size: 128 kB ROM Size: 4096 kB Characteristics: PCI is supported BIOS is upgradeable BIOS shadowing is allowed Boot from CD is supported Selectable boot is supported EDD is supported Japanese floppy for NEC 9800 1.2 MB is supported (int 13h) Japanese floppy for Toshiba 1.2 MB is supported (int 13h) 5.25"/360 kB floppy services are supported (int 13h) 5.25"/1.2 MB floppy services are supported (int 13h) 3.5"/720 kB floppy services are supported (int 13h) 3.5"/2.88 MB floppy services are supported (int 13h) 8042 keyboard services are supported (int 9h) CGA/mono video services are supported (int 10h) ACPI is supported USB legacy is supported BIOS boot specification is supported Targeted content distribution is supported UEFI is supported BIOS Revision: 0.26 Firmware Revision: 0.26 ...
Prosessor hakda maglumat çap etmek üçin bu buýrugy işlediň.
[email ~ $ sudo dmidecode -t processor # dmidecode 2.12 # SMBIOS entry point at 0xaaebef98 SMBIOS 2.7 present. Handle 0x0004, DMI type 4, 42 bytes Processor Information Socket Designation: U3E1 Type: Central Processor Family: Core i5 Manufacturer: Intel(R) Corporation ID: 51 06 04 00 FF FB EB BF Signature: Type 0, Family 6, Model 69, Stepping 1 Flags: ...
Gysgaça mazmun
Ulgam enjamlaryňyzyň bölekleri barada maglumat almak üçin ulanyp boljak başga-da köp usul bar. Bu buýruklaryň köpüsi ulgam maglumatyny almak üçin/proc katalogyndaky faýllary ulanýar.
Bu maslahatlary we usullary peýdaly taparsyňyz we muňa has köp maglumat goşmak isleseňiz ýa-da buýruklaryň haýsydyr birini ulanmakda kynçylyk çekýän bolsaňyz teswir ýazmagy ýatdan çykarmaň diýip umyt edýärin. Elmydama Tecmint bilen baglanyşykda bolmagy ýatdan çykarmaň.