Faýllary dolandyrmak Linux-da kelle, guýruk we pişik buýruklaryny netijeli ulanmak
Faýlyň mazmunyny görmek üçin Linux tarapyndan üpjün edilen birnäçe buýruk we programma bar. Faýllar bilen işlemek gaty kyn meseleleriň biri, täze ulanyjy, yzygiderli ulanyjy, ösen ulanyjy, işläp düzüji, administrator we ş.m. ýerine ýetirýän kompýuter ulanyjylarynyň köpüsi. Faýllar bilen netijeli we täsirli işlemek sungatdyr.
Bu gün bu makalada kelle, guýruk we pişik diýilýän iň meşhur buýruklary ara alyp maslahatlaşarys, köpümiz eýýäm şeýle buýruklary bilýäris, ýöne zerur bolanda ony durmuşa geçirýänlerimiz gaty az.
1. baş buýruk
Baş buýruk, berlen faýl adynyň ilkinji on setirini okaýar. Baş buýrugyň esasy sintaksisi:
head [options] [file(s)]
Mysal üçin, aşakdaky buýruk “/ etc/passwd” atly faýlyň ilkinji on setirini görkezer.
# head /etc/passwd root:x:0:0:root:/root:/bin/bash daemon:x:1:1:daemon:/usr/sbin:/bin/sh bin:x:2:2:bin:/bin:/bin/sh sys:x:3:3:sys:/dev:/bin/sh sync:x:4:65534:sync:/bin:/bin/sync games:x:5:60:games:/usr/games:/bin/sh man:x:6:12:man:/var/cache/man:/bin/sh lp:x:7:7:lp:/var/spool/lpd:/bin/sh mail:x:8:8:mail:/var/mail:/bin/sh news:x:9:9:news:/var/spool/news:/bin/sh
Birden köp faýl berilse, baş her faýlyň ilkinji on setirini aýratyn görkezer. Mysal üçin, aşakdaky buýruk her faýlyň on setirini görkezer.
# head /etc/passwd /etc/shadow ==> /etc/passwd <== root:x:0:0:root:/root:/bin/bash bin:x:1:1:bin:/bin:/sbin/nologin daemon:x:2:2:daemon:/sbin:/sbin/nologin adm:x:3:4:adm:/var/adm:/sbin/nologin lp:x:4:7:lp:/var/spool/lpd:/sbin/nologin sync:x:5:0:sync:/sbin:/bin/sync shutdown:x:6:0:shutdown:/sbin:/sbin/shutdown halt:x:7:0:halt:/sbin:/sbin/halt mail:x:8:12:mail:/var/spool/mail:/sbin/nologin uucp:x:10:14:uucp:/var/spool/uucp:/sbin/nologin ==> /etc/shadow <== root:$6$85e1:15740:0:99999:7::: bin:*:15513:0:99999:7::: daemon:*:15513:0:99999:7::: adm:*:15513:0:99999:7::: lp:*:15513:0:99999:7::: sync:*:15513:0:99999:7::: shutdown:*:15513:0:99999:7::: halt:*:15513:0:99999:7::: mail:*:15513:0:99999:7::: uucp:*:15513:0:99999:7:::
Adaty ondan has köp setir almak islenýän bolsa, onda alynjak setirleriň sanyny aýdýan bitewi san bilen birlikde -n opsiýasy ulanylýar. Mysal üçin, aşakdaky buýruk “/var/log/yum.log” faýlyndan ilkinji 5 setiri görkezer.
# head -n5 /var/log/yum.log Jan 10 00:06:49 Updated: openssl-1.0.1e-16.el6_5.4.i686 Jan 10 00:06:56 Updated: openssl-devel-1.0.1e-16.el6_5.4.i686 Jan 10 00:11:42 Installed: perl-Net-SSLeay-1.35-9.el6.i686 Jan 13 22:13:31 Installed: python-configobj-4.6.0-3.el6.noarch Jan 13 22:13:36 Installed: terminator-0.95-3.el6.rf.noarch
Aslynda, -n opsiýasyny ulanmagyň zerurlygy ýok. Diňe defis we ýokardaky buýruk bilen deň netije almak üçin boş ýerleri görkeziň.
# head -5 /var/log/yum.log Jan 10 00:06:49 Updated: openssl-1.0.1e-16.el6_5.4.i686 Jan 10 00:06:56 Updated: openssl-devel-1.0.1e-16.el6_5.4.i686 Jan 10 00:11:42 Installed: perl-Net-SSLeay-1.35-9.el6.i686 Jan 13 22:13:31 Installed: python-configobj-4.6.0-3.el6.noarch Jan 13 22:13:36 Installed: terminator-0.95-3.el6.rf.noarch
Baş buýruk, şeýle hem görkezilmeli baýtlaryň sanyndan soň -c opsiýasyny ulanyp, islenýän mukdarda baýt görkezip biler. Mysal üçin, aşakdaky buýruk berlen faýlyň ilkinji 45 baýtyny görkezer.
# head -c45 /var/log/yum.log Jan 10 00:06:49 Updated: openssl-1.0.1e-16.el
2. guýruk buýrugy
Guýruk buýrugy, islendik tekst faýlynyň soňky on setirini görkezmäge mümkinçilik berýär. Aboveokardaky baş buýruga meňzeş ýaly, guýruk buýrugy setirleriň sanyny we n belgilerini hem goldaýar.
Guýruk buýrugynyň esasy sintaksisi:
# tail [options] [filenames]
Mysal üçin, aşakdaky buýruk “access.log” atly faýlyň soňky on setirini çap eder.
# tail access.log 1390288226.042 0 172.16.18.71 TCP_DENIED/407 1771 GET http://download.newnext.me/spark.bin? - NONE/- text/html 1390288226.198 0 172.16.16.55 TCP_DENIED/407 1753 CONNECT ent-shasta-rrs.symantec.com:443 - NONE/- text/html 1390288226.210 1182 172.16.20.44 TCP_MISS/200 70872 GET http://mahavat.gov.in/Mahavat/index.jsp pg DIRECT/61.16.223.197 text/html 1390288226.284 70 172.16.20.44 TCP_MISS/304 269 GET http://mahavat.gov.in/Mahavat/i/i-19.gif pg DIRECT/61.16.223.197 - 1390288226.362 570 172.16.176.139 TCP_MISS/200 694 GET http://p4-gayr4vyqxh7oa-3ekrqzjikvrczq44-if-v6exp3-v4.metric.gstatic.com/v6exp3/redir.html pg 1390288226.402 0 172.16.16.55 TCP_DENIED/407 1753 CONNECT ent-shasta-rrs.symantec.com:443 - NONE/- text/html 1390288226.437 145 172.16.18.53 TCP_DENIED/407 1723 OPTIONS http://172.16.25.252/ - NONE/- text/html 1390288226.445 0 172.16.18.53 TCP_DENIED/407 1723 OPTIONS http://172.16.25.252/ - NONE/- text/html 1390288226.605 0 172.16.16.55 TCP_DENIED/407 1753 CONNECT ent-shasta-rrs.symantec.com:443 - NONE/- text/html 1390288226.808 0 172.16.16.55 TCP_DENIED/407 1753 CONNECT ent-shasta-rrs.symantec.com:443 - NONE/- text/html
Birden köp faýl berilse, guýruk aşakda görkezilişi ýaly her faýlyň soňky on setirini çap eder.
# tail access.log error.log ==> access.log <== 1390288226.042 0 172.16.18.71 TCP_DENIED/407 1771 GET http://download.newnext.me/spark.bin? - NONE/- text/html 1390288226.198 0 172.16.16.55 TCP_DENIED/407 1753 CONNECT ent-shasta-rrs.symantec.com:443 - NONE/- text/html 1390288226.210 1182 172.16.20.44 TCP_MISS/200 70872 GET http://mahavat.gov.in/Mahavat/index.jsp pg DIRECT/61.16.223.197 text/html 1390288226.284 70 172.16.20.44 TCP_MISS/304 269 GET http://mahavat.gov.in/Mahavat/i/i-19.gif pg DIRECT/61.16.223.197 - 1390288226.362 570 172.16.176.139 TCP_MISS/200 694 GET http://p4-gayr4vyqxh7oa-3ekrqzjikvrczq44-if-v6exp3-v4.metric.gstatic.com/v6exp3/redir.html pg 1390288226.402 0 172.16.16.55 TCP_DENIED/407 1753 CONNECT ent-shasta-rrs.symantec.com:443 - NONE/- text/html 1390288226.437 145 172.16.18.53 TCP_DENIED/407 1723 OPTIONS http://172.16.25.252/ - NONE/- text/html 1390288226.445 0 172.16.18.53 TCP_DENIED/407 1723 OPTIONS http://172.16.25.252/ - NONE/- text/html 1390288226.605 0 172.16.16.55 TCP_DENIED/407 1753 CONNECT ent-shasta-rrs.symantec.com:443 - NONE/- text/html 1390288226.808 0 172.16.16.55 TCP_DENIED/407 1753 CONNECT ent-shasta-rrs.symantec.com:443 - NONE/- text/html ==> error_log <== [Sun Mar 30 03:16:03 2014] [notice] Digest: generating secret for digest authentication ... [Sun Mar 30 03:16:03 2014] [notice] Digest: done [Sun Mar 30 03:16:03 2014] [notice] Apache/2.2.15 (Unix) DAV/2 PHP/5.3.3 mod_ssl/2.2.15 OpenSSL/1.0.0-fips configured -- resuming normal operations
Şonuň ýaly-da, aşakda görkezilişi ýaly “-n” opsiýasyny ulanyp, soňky setirleri çap edip bilersiňiz.
# tail -5 access.log 1390288226.402 0 172.16.16.55 TCP_DENIED/407 1753 CONNECT ent-shasta-rrs.symantec.com:443 - NONE/- text/html 1390288226.437 145 172.16.18.53 TCP_DENIED/407 1723 OPTIONS http://172.16.25.252/ - NONE/- text/html 1390288226.445 0 172.16.18.53 TCP_DENIED/407 1723 OPTIONS http://172.16.25.252/ - NONE/- text/html 1390288226.605 0 172.16.16.55 TCP_DENIED/407 1753 CONNECT ent-shasta-rrs.symantec.com:443 - NONE/- text/html 1390288226.808 0 172.16.16.55 TCP_DENIED/407 1753 CONNECT ent-shasta-rrs.symantec.com:443 - NONE/- text/html
Şeýle hem aşakda görkezilişi ýaly -c argumentini ulanyp, nyşanlaryň sanyny çap edip bilersiňiz.
# tail -c5 access.log ymantec.com:443 - NONE/- text/html
3. pişik buýrugy
Pişik buýrugy iň giňden ulanylýan, ähliumumy gural. Adaty girişde standart girişi göçürýär. Tekst faýly häzirki ekrana laýyk gelmeýän bolsa, buýruk aýlamagy goldaýar.
Pişik buýrugynyň esasy sintaksisi:
# cat [options] [filenames] [-] [filenames]
Pişigiň iň ýygy ulanylmagy faýllaryň mazmunyny okamakdyr. Okamak üçin faýl açmak üçin zerur zat, boşluk we faýlyň ady bilen pişigi ýazmakdyr.
# cat /etc/passwd root:x:0:0:root:/root:/bin/bash daemon:x:1:1:daemon:/usr/sbin:/bin/sh bin:x:2:2:bin:/bin:/bin/sh sys:x:3:3:sys:/dev:/bin/sh sync:x:4:65534:sync:/bin:/bin/sync games:x:5:60:games:/usr/games:/bin/sh man:x:6:12:man:/var/cache/man:/bin/sh lp:x:7:7:lp:/var/spool/lpd:/bin/sh …
Pişik buýrugy faýllaryň sanyny bir ýere jemlemek üçin hem ulanylýar.
# echo 'Hi Tecmint-Team' > 1 # echo 'Keep connected' > 2 # echo 'Share your thought' > 3 # echo 'connect us [email ' > 4
# cat 1 2 3 4 > 5
# cat 5 Hi Tecmint-Team Keep connected Share your thought connect us [email
Faýl döretmek üçin hem ulanylyp bilner. Pişigi ýerine ýetirmek arkaly çykyş gönükdirme operatory we döredilmeli faýlyň ady bilen gazanylýar.
# cat > tecmint.txt Tecmint is the only website fully dedicated to Linux.
Pişik buýrugy üçin ýörite ahyrky öndüriji bolup bileris. Bu ýerde durmuşa geçirilýär.
# cat > test.txt << end I am Avishek Here i am writing this post Hope your are enjoying end
# cat test.txt I am Avishek Here i am writing this post Hope your are enjoying
Hiç haçan pişik buýrugynyň güýjüne baha bermäň we faýllary göçürmek üçin peýdaly bolup biler.
# cat avi.txt I am a Programmer by birth and Admin by profession
# cat avi.txt > avi1.txt
# cat avi1.txt I am a Programmer by birth and Admin by profession
Indi pişigiň tersi näme? Hawa, bu tak. “Tac” Linux-yň aşagyndaky buýruk. Bu hakda hiç zat aýtmakdan “tak” mysalyny görkezmek has gowudyr.
Bir setirde bir söz peýda bolar ýaly, aýyň ady bilen tekst faýly dörediň.
# cat month January February March April May June July August September October November December
# tac month December November October September August July June May April March February January
Pişik buýrugyny ulanmagyň has köp mysallary üçin 13 pişigiň buýruk ulanylyşyna serediň
Bularyň hemmesi häzirlikçe. Bilmäge mynasyp başga bir gyzykly makala bilen ýene şu ýerde bolaryn. Soňra “Tecmint” -e birikdiriň. Teswirler bölümimizde bize gymmatly pikirleriňizi bermegi ýatdan çykarmaň.